Cellular respiration Flashcards
What is ATP. How is energy released
ATP is the central energy currency. It is made of Adenosine and 3 phosphate groups. Energy is released by breaking the phosphoanhydride bond between phosphate groups
What are the 3 phases of respiration
Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Oxidative phosphorlyation
What is the main goal of glycolysis
To make pryuvate then acetyl Co-A
What is the main goal of TCA cycle
To make NADH and FADH2, which donates electron via electron transport chain, and generates ATP via oxidative phosphorlyation
What are the intermediates involved in TCA cycle. Where is the reaction taking place.
Acetyl Co-A –> Citrate [Citrate Synthase]
–> isocitrate [aconitase]
–> a-ketoglutarate [isocitrate dehydrogenase + NADH]
–> succinyl Co-A [a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase +NADH]
–>succinate [succinate thiokinase]
–>fumarate [succinate dehydrogenase+FADH2]
–> malate [fumarase]
–>oxaloacetate [malate dehydrogenase+ NADH]
Mitochondrial matrix
Where is oxidative phosphorylation. What is it doing
Inner membrane of mitochondrion.
The 3 complexes makes use of the energy from the super charging of complexes due to electron transfer, to pump proton from matrix to intermembrane space to create a proton gradient.
The proton will at last flow back to matrix across ATP synthase which drives phosphoylation of ADP to make ATP.
The electrons will be accepted by oxygen as the final oxygen receptor which split it into half to make water with protons.
What is the ATP production
Glycolysis forms 2 (-2+4)
TCA cycle makes 2
ETC makes the most
10 NADH (2 from glycolysis, 2 from link reaction, 6 from TCA) to form 25 ATP
2 FADH2 makes 3 ATP
Total: 2+2+25+3= 32
What is the flow of electron. Which are the proton pumps
From NADH–> Complex I
From FADH2 –> Complex II
Complex I+II –> CoQ
CoQ–> Complex III
Complex III–> CytC
Cyt C–> Complex IV
Complex IV–> Oxygen
The proton pumps are Complex I,III,Iv
Can toxins impair the ETC and ATP synthase
Yes, there are numerous of them
What can cause proton leakage. What’s their effect on ATP production and temperature and why
Uncoupler. Lower ATP production but higher temperature as the energy is converted to heat instead of making ATP
How can inherited disorders affect ATP production
Some of them are mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA that lead to a decrease in mitochondrial capacity for making ATP in Oxidative phosphorylation
Name 2 chronic disease related to ATP production
Diabetes and Obesity.
Obesity induces the synthesis of uncoupler UCP2 in cells that makes insulin
It lower ATP concentration in cells hence drops insulin secretion hence cause type II diabetes
What is the role of vitamins and minerals in ATP production
Some of them are cofactors for the reaction
