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House Pharmacology > VITAMINS > Flashcards

VITAMINS Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins are (essential or non-essential?) nutrients needed by the body in (small or large?) amounts to maintain normal bodily functions.

A

essential

Small

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2
Q

It is important to know that deficiencies of these vitamins ____________________________ while excess of vitamins may ________________

A

prevent the body from operating at full capacity

be damaging to the health.

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3
Q

Too many vitamins will be _________ or ________ , and an excess can be _____.

A

excreted or stored

Toxic

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4
Q

Classification of vitamins fall into two categories: 1. _______-soluble and 2. ____-soluble.

A

water

Fat

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5
Q

The water-soluble vitamins – _____ and ________ vitamins – ______ in water before the body can absorb them.

A

C and the B-complex

dissolve

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6
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins –________________– dissolve in ____ and can be stored in the ________ and ________ until needed.

A

A, D, E, and K

fat

liver and fat tissue

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7
Q

Characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Storage: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the ______________

Longevity: Fat-soluble vitamins last (shorter or longer?) in the body, because _______________.

A

liver and fatty tissue.

Longer

they are not needed every day

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8
Q

Characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Absorption and Excretion: The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the __________ with _________ and are excreted (slowly or rapidly?) .

Toxicity: Because fat-soluble vitamins are _______________________________ they are more likely to cause toxicity, since the body cannot excrete them quickly enough.

A

small intestine

dietary fat ; Slowly

stored longer in the body’s fatty tissues and liver,

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9
Q

In general, a healthy diet will not cause toxicity, but ___________________ may create an imbalance of vitamins and cause illness.

A

taking supplements at high levels

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10
Q

Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

Fat-soluble substances dissolve in fat and are absorbed by the body through the _______________ (tubes that manage the fluid levels in the body).

A

lymphatic system

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11
Q

Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

Fat-soluble substances are stored in the __________________ and are eliminated from the body at a (slower or faster?) rate than water-soluble substances.

A

liver and adipose tissue

Slower

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12
Q

Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

These vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver, and can ____________ if consumed in excess.

A

accumulate to toxic levels

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13
Q

Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

They are absorbed along with ________ in the ________

A

dietary fat

small intestine.

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14
Q

Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A helps with good ____, ______ and ________ systems.

It is essential to ____ growth and ____ development.

It also keeps the _____ ,_____, and _______ working properly.

A

vision

immune, and reproductive

bone; tooth

heart, lungs and kidneys

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15
Q

Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin D, along with ______, keeps the ________ by preventing diseases such as_______ ,________

Vitamin D also helps the _____ move, improves the ______ function and helps reduce __________.

A

calcium

bones strong

rickets, osteoporosis.

muscles; immune; inflammation

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16
Q

Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin E acts as an ________[ that protects the body from _________ .

It also boosts the _____ system and keeps blood _______________

A

antioxidant

free radicals

immune

moving through the blood vessels without clotting.

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17
Q

Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin K, conversely, allows ____________. It also helps the body by making proteins for _________________

A

the blood to clot

healthy bones and tissues.

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18
Q

rickets, a disorder that causes bones to _______________________

osteoporosis, which makes the bones _________________________

A

become soft and weak in children

weak and more likely to break.

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19
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals act as antioxidants, and play a role in bone health, blood clotting, and immune function.

T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals

They function primarily as ___________ of __________ and ________ .

A

regulators of gene expression and cell differentiation

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21
Q

Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to ____________________ the production of _____________(protein or RNA)

A

increase or decrease

specific gene products

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22
Q

Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

It occurs naturally only in foods of ________________ origin.

A

animal and plant

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23
Q

Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

Animal sources include ____, butter, whole milk, and egg yolks.

Sometimes the body converts certain _______, especially __________, to vitamin A.

A

liver

carotenoids

beta- carotene

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24
Q

Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

Plant sources are ______________ in colour.

Examples are mangos, papaya, carrots, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes and maize.

Another good source of vitamin A is _______

A

orange or yellow

red palm oil.

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25
Q

Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

Only _____ of the more than ____ naturally occurring carotenoids have provitamin A activity

A

50

500

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26
Q

It is important to note that:

_______ is one of the most active, usable form of vitamin A.

__________ are present in dark-green vegetables.

A

Retinol

Carotenoids

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27
Q

Carotenoids are present in __________ vegetables.

A

dark-green

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28
Q

Carotenoids are also present in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables.

T/F

A

T

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29
Q

The two ________ rings in beta-carotene are joined by a _________ to form _________

A

beta ionone

poly-prenoid chain

All-trans retinal

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30
Q

Vitamin A is converted to ______,______, and _________

A

retinol, retinal and retinoic acid

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31
Q

retinol, retinal and retinoic acid

______ to ______ is reversible

_____ to _____ is one-way

A

Retinol to retinal

Retinal to retinoic acid

32
Q

When carrot is eaten, it gets absorbed along side with ____ in the _______. Beta-carotene is metabolized in the ______

Beta-carotene cleaved with an enzyme known as ———— and produced ______ which is absorbed along with fat and goes into the _____ to be stored as _______

A

fats; small intestine

small intestine.

Di-oxygenase; retinal

liver; RETINOL PALMITATE

33
Q

Retinol palmitate is released into the ______ when needed and it is carried by _________________ to where it is needed.

A

blood

retinol binding proteins (RBP)

34
Q

Functions of vitamin A
Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucus membranes, and skin.

Vitamin A promotes good _____, especially in ____ light.

A

eyesight

Low

35
Q

Functions of vitamin A

It is also known as retinol because it _________________________________________

A

produces the pigments in the retina of the eye.

36
Q

Vitamin A deficiency and vision loss

A

G-protein coupled

rod

primary photoreceptor

37
Q

Vitamin A deficiency leads to Nyctalopia

T/F

A

T

38
Q

Rhodopsin

A light sensitivity of rhodopsin leads to a _________ in rhodopsin

A

conformational change

39
Q

Rhodopsin

The key __________ in rhodopsin upon photoactivation are the ___ward tilting of the _______ end of ________

A

conformational changes

out; cytoplasmic; helix 6.

40
Q

In the absence of light, rhodopsin is Inactivated.

T/F

A

F
In the absence of light, rhodopsin is activated.

41
Q

The body synthesizes rhodopsin from vitamin ___, which is why a deficiency in vitamin ___ causes _________

A

A,

A

poor night vision.

42
Q

In case of malabsorption

It is recommended to administer ______ units per day of Vitamin A injection intra________ for ____ days; followed with _____ units per day for ______, to be followed with oral therapy

A

100,000

muscularly

3

50,000

2 weeks

43
Q

Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin A

Peak plasma concentration= ________

Elimination half-life= _____-_____

A

4hours

50-100days

44
Q

Signs of deficiency of vitamin A

_________

Decreased _____________

Extremely ____ skin, hair or nails

A

Night blindness

resistance to infections

dry

45
Q

Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity

Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include dry, itchy skin, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite.

Signs of severe overuse over a short period of time include ______,________, and _______

Vitamin A toxicity can also cause severe _______ and may increase the risk for ________ and _______

A

dizziness, blurred vision and slowed growth.

birth defects

bone loss and hip fractures.

46
Q

Vitamin D

The active form of vitamin D promotes _________ of ____________________ and influences _____________.

A

intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus

bone mineralization

47
Q

Vitamin D

It occurs in two forms:
1. Vitamin D2 (______calciferol)
2. Vitamin D3 (_____calciferol)

A

ergo

Chole

48
Q

Vitamin D

It occurs in two forms:
1. Vitamin D2 is produced commercially by _________ gotten from the _____ known as __________

  1. Vitamin D3 is formed by the action of __________ on the (precursor is _______________) on the ____.
A

ultraviolet (UV) irradiation ; plant; sterol ergosterol

sunlight

7-dehydrocholesterol; skin

49
Q

Vitamin D

Interestingly, the human body utilizes both forms of vitamin D by _______ first the ___-position in the ____ and then the ____-position in the ______, producing the biologically active ______________

A

hydroxylating; 25; liver

1-Alpha; kidney

1,25- dihydroxycalciferols.

50
Q

hydroxylation describes a chemical process that introduces a _________ into an organic compound.

A

hydroxyl group (−OH)

51
Q

Vitamin D occurs naturally in ______ foods such as ___, butter, _____ fish (fish containing __________________ or ___________ ), and egg yolks.

A

animal

Liver ; fatty

high levels of cholesterol or fatty acids as glycerides

52
Q

Vitamin D

The amount of vitamin D formed by exposure of skin to sunlight depends upon the ___________, the ______, which can be diminished by atmospheric pollution, and _________

A

length of the UV irradiation

intensity; skin pigmentation.

53
Q

Vitamin D

______ skin may have diminished capacity to synthesize vitamin D.

A

Aging

54
Q

Functions of vitamin D

Vitamin D promotes ______ in the gut.

It maintains adequate serum ________________

A

calcium absorption

calcium and phosphate

55
Q

Functions of vitamin D

It maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations
This process enables normal _________________ and prevents involuntary __________ (hypocalcemic _____), leading to ________ and ________

A

bone mineralization

contraction of muscles ; tetany

Cramps; spasms

56
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone ______, which can contribute to _________ and __________(broken bones).

A

density

osteoporosis and fractures

57
Q

Severe vitamin D deficiency can also lead to other diseases: In children, it can cause _______.

A

rickets

58
Q

Rickets is a rare disease that causes the bones to become ______ and ______

A

soft and bend.

59
Q

The main consequence of vitamin D toxicity is a _________________, which can cause nausea and vomiting, weakness, and frequent __________.

Vitamin D toxicity might progress to ________ and ______ problems, such as the formation of ________.

A

buildup of calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia)

urination

bone pain and kidney

calcium stones

60
Q

Mechanism of action of vitamin D

Vitamin D in coordination with _________ and __________ regulates serum calcium levels by:
_____easing calcium absorption from the small intestine.

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

incr

61
Q

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is an important _______ that is thought to protect _________________ from oxidative destruction in cell membranes.

A

antioxidant

polyunsaturated fatty acids

62
Q

Vitamin E activity in foods is due to the presence of _______ and _______—compounds of _____ origin.

The most important of these is

____________ ; less active are _________, ___________ , and __________.

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

plant

Alpha-tocopherol

Beta-tocopherol

Gamma-tocopherol

Alpha - tocotrienol

63
Q

Functions of vitamin E

Vitamin E helps maintain _________________

It strengthens the body’s ________ against illness and infection (the immune system).

A

healthy skin and eyes.

natural defence

64
Q

___________ are the richest source of vitamin E.

Other good sources include nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ.

A

Vegetable oils

65
Q

The vitamin E content of animal foods is generally (low or high?) .

A

Low

66
Q

The foods with high levels of __________ also have a high vitamin E content.

A

Polyunsaturated fats

67
Q

Vitamin E deficiency can cause _____ and _________ that results in loss of feeling in the arms and legs, loss of body movement control, muscle weakness, and vision problems.

Another sign of deficiency is a _______________

A

nerve and muscle damage

weakened immune system

68
Q

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is needed in the ____ for formation of several ____________

A

liver

blood clotting factors.

69
Q

Vitamin K

Vitamin K1, (________) is synthesized by _______, whereas vitamin K2 homologs (_________) are synthesized by ______.

A

phylloquinone; plants

menoquinones; bacteria

70
Q

Vitamin K

The human body can obtain vitamin K from ______ sources as well as through synthesis by the ___________

A

dietary

gut microflora.

71
Q

Functions of vitamin K
Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones.

T/F

A

T

72
Q

Functions of vitamin K

___________ is a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved with blood clotting.

________ is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue.

A

Prothrombin

Osteocalcin

73
Q

Sources of vitamin K

• Phylloquinone. __________ including collard and turnip greens, kale, spinach, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, lettuces. Soybean and canola oil. Salad dressings made with soybean or canola oil.

• Menaquinones.______ (________________s) Smaller amounts in _____, cheese, eggs.

A

Green leafy vegetables

Natto

meat

74
Q

Larger amounts of vitamin K are present in _______________; lower levels are found in cereals, dairy products, meats, and fruits.

A

dark-green leafy vegetables

75
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can contribute to significant _______, poor ________, osteoporosis, and increased risk of ________

A

bleeding

bone development

cardiovascular disease.

76
Q

Vitamin K toxicity is common

T/F

A

F

Vitamin K toxicity is extremely rare

77
Q

These water soluble vitamins are not as likely to reach toxic levels. But ______,______,_______,______, and __________ have upper consumption limits.

A

niacin, vitamin B6, folate, choline, and vitamin C

House Pharmacology (50 decks)

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