VITAMINS Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Vitamins are (essential or non-essential?) nutrients needed by the body in (small or large?) amounts to maintain normal bodily functions.

essential

Small

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It is important to know that deficiencies of these vitamins ____________________________ while excess of vitamins may ________________

prevent the body from operating at full capacity

be damaging to the health.

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Too many vitamins will be _________ or ________ , and an excess can be _____.

excreted or stored

Toxic

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Classification of vitamins fall into two categories: 1. _______-soluble and 2. ____-soluble.

water

Fat

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The water-soluble vitamins – _____ and ________ vitamins – ______ in water before the body can absorb them.

C and the B-complex

dissolve

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Fat-soluble vitamins –________________– dissolve in ____ and can be stored in the ________ and ________ until needed.

A, D, E, and K

fat

liver and fat tissue

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Characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Storage: Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the ______________

Longevity: Fat-soluble vitamins last (shorter or longer?) in the body, because _______________.

liver and fatty tissue.

Longer

they are not needed every day

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Characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Absorption and Excretion: The fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the __________ with _________ and are excreted (slowly or rapidly?) .

Toxicity: Because fat-soluble vitamins are _______________________________ they are more likely to cause toxicity, since the body cannot excrete them quickly enough.

small intestine

dietary fat ; Slowly

stored longer in the body’s fatty tissues and liver,

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In general, a healthy diet will not cause toxicity, but ___________________ may create an imbalance of vitamins and cause illness.

taking supplements at high levels

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Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

Fat-soluble substances dissolve in fat and are absorbed by the body through the _______________ (tubes that manage the fluid levels in the body).

lymphatic system

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Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

Fat-soluble substances are stored in the __________________ and are eliminated from the body at a (slower or faster?) rate than water-soluble substances.

liver and adipose tissue

Slower

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Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

These vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver, and can ____________ if consumed in excess.

accumulate to toxic levels

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Mechanism of action of fat soluble
vitamins

They are absorbed along with ________ in the ________

dietary fat

small intestine.

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Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A helps with good ____, ______ and ________ systems.

It is essential to ____ growth and ____ development.

It also keeps the _____ ,_____, and _______ working properly.

vision

immune, and reproductive

bone; tooth

heart, lungs and kidneys

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Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin D, along with ______, keeps the ________ by preventing diseases such as_______ ,________

Vitamin D also helps the _____ move, improves the ______ function and helps reduce __________.

calcium

bones strong

rickets, osteoporosis.

muscles; immune; inflammation

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Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin E acts as an ________[ that protects the body from _________ .

It also boosts the _____ system and keeps blood _______________

antioxidant

free radicals

immune

moving through the blood vessels without clotting.

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Functions of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin K, conversely, allows ____________. It also helps the body by making proteins for _________________

the blood to clot

healthy bones and tissues.

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rickets, a disorder that causes bones to _______________________

osteoporosis, which makes the bones _________________________

become soft and weak in children

weak and more likely to break.

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Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals act as antioxidants, and play a role in bone health, blood clotting, and immune function.

T/F

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Fat-soluble vitamins and minerals

They function primarily as ___________ of __________ and ________ .

regulators of gene expression and cell differentiation

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Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to ____________________ the production of _____________(protein or RNA)

increase or decrease

specific gene products

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Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

It occurs naturally only in foods of ________________ origin.

animal and plant

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Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

Animal sources include ____, butter, whole milk, and egg yolks.

Sometimes the body converts certain _______, especially __________, to vitamin A.

liver

carotenoids

beta- carotene

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Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols)

Plant sources are ______________ in colour.

Examples are mangos, papaya, carrots, cantaloupes, sweet potatoes and maize.

Another good source of vitamin A is _______

orange or yellow

red palm oil.

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Vitamin A (Carotenoids and Retinols) Only _____ of the more than ____ naturally occurring carotenoids have provitamin A activity

50 500

It is important to note that: _______ is one of the most active, usable form of vitamin A. __________ are present in dark-green vegetables.

Retinol Carotenoids

Carotenoids are present in __________ vegetables.

dark-green

Carotenoids are also present in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. T/F

The two ________ rings in beta-carotene are joined by a _________ to form _________

beta ionone poly-prenoid chain All-trans retinal

Vitamin A is converted to ______,______, and _________

retinol, retinal and retinoic acid

retinol, retinal and retinoic acid ______ to ______ is reversible _____ to _____ is one-way

Retinol to retinal Retinal to retinoic acid

When carrot is eaten, it gets absorbed along side with ____ in the _______. Beta-carotene is metabolized in the ______ Beta-carotene cleaved with an enzyme known as ———— and produced ______ which is absorbed along with fat and goes into the _____ to be stored as _______

fats; small intestine small intestine. Di-oxygenase; retinal liver; RETINOL PALMITATE

Retinol palmitate is released into the ______ when needed and it is carried by _________________ to where it is needed.

blood retinol binding proteins (RBP)

Functions of vitamin A Vitamin A helps form and maintain healthy teeth, skeletal and soft tissue, mucus membranes, and skin. Vitamin A promotes good _____, especially in ____ light.

eyesight Low

Functions of vitamin A It is also known as retinol because it _________________________________________

produces the pigments in the retina of the eye.

Vitamin A deficiency and vision loss Rhodopsin is a _________ receptor, and is the most abundant protein in the _____ cells found in the retina It functions as the ______________ molecule of vision

G-protein coupled rod primary photoreceptor

Vitamin A deficiency leads to Nyctalopia T/F

Rhodopsin A light sensitivity of rhodopsin leads to a _________ in rhodopsin

conformational change

Rhodopsin The key __________ in rhodopsin upon photoactivation are the ___ward tilting of the _______ end of ________

conformational changes out; cytoplasmic; helix 6.

In the absence of light, rhodopsin is Inactivated. T/F

F In the absence of light, rhodopsin is activated.

The body synthesizes rhodopsin from vitamin ___, which is why a deficiency in vitamin ___ causes _________

A, A poor night vision.

In case of malabsorption It is recommended to administer ______ units per day of Vitamin A injection intra________ for ____ days; followed with _____ units per day for ______, to be followed with oral therapy

100,000 muscularly 3 50,000 2 weeks

Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin A Peak plasma concentration= ________ Elimination half-life= _____-_____

4hours 50-100days

Signs of deficiency of vitamin A _________ Decreased _____________ Extremely ____ skin, hair or nails

Night blindness resistance to infections dry

Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include dry, itchy skin, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Signs of severe overuse over a short period of time include ______,________, and _______ Vitamin A toxicity can also cause severe _______ and may increase the risk for ________ and _______

dizziness, blurred vision and slowed growth. birth defects bone loss and hip fractures.

Vitamin D The active form of vitamin D promotes _________ of ____________________ and influences _____________.

intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus bone mineralization

Vitamin D It occurs in two forms: 1. Vitamin D2 (______calciferol) 2. Vitamin D3 (_____calciferol)

ergo Chole

Vitamin D It occurs in two forms: 1. Vitamin D2 is produced commercially by _________ gotten from the _____ known as __________ 2. Vitamin D3 is formed by the action of __________ on the (precursor is _______________) on the ____.

ultraviolet (UV) irradiation ; plant; sterol ergosterol sunlight 7-dehydrocholesterol; skin

Vitamin D Interestingly, the human body utilizes both forms of vitamin D by _______ first the ___-position in the ____ and then the ____-position in the ______, producing the biologically active ______________

hydroxylating; 25; liver 1-Alpha; kidney 1,25- dihydroxycalciferols.

hydroxylation describes a chemical process that introduces a _________ into an organic compound.

hydroxyl group (−OH)

Vitamin D occurs naturally in ______ foods such as ___, butter, _____ fish (fish containing __________________ or ___________ ), and egg yolks.

animal Liver ; fatty high levels of cholesterol or fatty acids as glycerides

Vitamin D The amount of vitamin D formed by exposure of skin to sunlight depends upon the ___________, the ______, which can be diminished by atmospheric pollution, and _________

length of the UV irradiation intensity; skin pigmentation.

Vitamin D ______ skin may have diminished capacity to synthesize vitamin D.

Aging

Functions of vitamin D Vitamin D promotes ______ in the gut. It maintains adequate serum ________________

calcium absorption calcium and phosphate

Functions of vitamin D It maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations This process enables normal _________________ and prevents involuntary __________ (hypocalcemic _____), leading to ________ and ________

bone mineralization contraction of muscles ; tetany Cramps; spasms

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone ______, which can contribute to _________ and __________(broken bones).

density osteoporosis and fractures

Severe vitamin D deficiency can also lead to other diseases: In children, it can cause _______.

rickets

Rickets is a rare disease that causes the bones to become ______ and ______

soft and bend.

The main consequence of vitamin D toxicity is a _________________, which can cause nausea and vomiting, weakness, and frequent __________. Vitamin D toxicity might progress to ________ and ______ problems, such as the formation of ________.

buildup of calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia) urination bone pain and kidney calcium stones

Mechanism of action of vitamin D Vitamin D in coordination with _________ and __________ regulates serum calcium levels by: _____easing calcium absorption from the small intestine.

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin incr

Vitamin E Vitamin E is an important _______ that is thought to protect _________________ from oxidative destruction in cell membranes.

antioxidant polyunsaturated fatty acids

Vitamin E activity in foods is due to the presence of _______ and _______—compounds of _____ origin. The most important of these is ____________ ; less active are _________, ___________ , and __________.

tocopherols and tocotrienols plant Alpha-tocopherol Beta-tocopherol Gamma-tocopherol Alpha - tocotrienol

Functions of vitamin E Vitamin E helps maintain _________________ It strengthens the body's ________ against illness and infection (the immune system).

healthy skin and eyes. natural defence

___________ are the richest source of vitamin E. Other good sources include nuts, seeds, whole grains, and wheat germ.

Vegetable oils

The vitamin E content of animal foods is generally (low or high?) .

Low

The foods with high levels of __________ also have a high vitamin E content.

Polyunsaturated fats

Vitamin E deficiency can cause _____ and _________ that results in loss of feeling in the arms and legs, loss of body movement control, muscle weakness, and vision problems. Another sign of deficiency is a _______________

nerve and muscle damage weakened immune system

Vitamin K Vitamin K is needed in the ____ for formation of several ____________

liver blood clotting factors.

Vitamin K Vitamin K1, (________) is synthesized by _______, whereas vitamin K2 homologs (_________) are synthesized by ______.

phylloquinone; plants menoquinones; bacteria

Vitamin K The human body can obtain vitamin K from ______ sources as well as through synthesis by the ___________

dietary gut microflora.

Functions of vitamin K Vitamin K helps to make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones. T/F

Functions of vitamin K ___________ is a vitamin K-dependent protein directly involved with blood clotting. ________ is another protein that requires vitamin K to produce healthy bone tissue.

Prothrombin Osteocalcin

Sources of vitamin K • Phylloquinone. __________ including collard and turnip greens, kale, spinach, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, lettuces. Soybean and canola oil. Salad dressings made with soybean or canola oil. • Menaquinones.______ (________________s) Smaller amounts in _____, cheese, eggs.

Green leafy vegetables Natto meat

Larger amounts of vitamin K are present in _______________; lower levels are found in cereals, dairy products, meats, and fruits.

dark-green leafy vegetables

Vitamin K deficiency can contribute to significant _______, poor ________, osteoporosis, and increased risk of ________

bleeding bone development cardiovascular disease.

Vitamin K toxicity is common T/F

F Vitamin K toxicity is extremely rare

These water soluble vitamins are not as likely to reach toxic levels. But ______,______,_______,______, and __________ have upper consumption limits.

niacin, vitamin B6, folate, choline, and vitamin C