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House Pharmacology > Noradrenaline Synthesis, Storage Release > Flashcards

Noradrenaline Synthesis, Storage Release Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic system dominates in
________ or ________ (“____ or _____”)
situations

A

emergency or stressful

fight-or-flight

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2
Q

Sympathetic Promotes responses that prepare body for _________ activity

A

strenuous physical

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3
Q

Parasympathetic system dominates in _______,______ (______ and ____) situations

A

quiet, relaxed (“rest-and-digest”)

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4
Q

Parasympathetic Promotes body-maintenance activities such as digestion
T/F

A

T

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5
Q

_______ is released at all preganglionic terminals of ANS

A

Ach

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6
Q

_______ is released at most sympathetic postganglionic terminals

A

Noradrenaline

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7
Q

_______ is released at all parasympathetic postganglionic terminals

A

Ach

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8
Q

_______ is released at sympathetic postganglionic terminals at sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle

A

Ach

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9
Q

_______ is released at terminals of efferent neurons supplying skeletal muscle ( motor neuron)

A

Ach

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10
Q

Noradrenaline is released at the adrenal medulla

T/F

A

T

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11
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart

In terms of rate and contraction

A

Increased rate and Increased contraction of the whole heart

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12
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart

In terms of rate and contraction

A

Decreased rate and decreased force of contraction on the atria only

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13
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on blood vessels

A

Constriction

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14
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on blood vessels

A

Dilation of the blood vessels supplying the penis and clitoris only

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15
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on lungs

In terms of airway and mucus secretions

A

Dilation of bronchioles (airway)
Inhibition of mucus secretion

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16
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on lungs

In terms of airway and mucus secretions

A

Constriction of bronchioles (airway)
Stimulation of mucus secretion

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17
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on digestive tract

In terms of motility, sphincters, and digestive secretion

A

Increased motility
Relaxation of sphincters
Stimulation of digestive secretions

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18
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on digestive tract

In terms of motility, sphincters, and digestive secretion

A

Decreased motility
Contraction of sphincters
Inhibition of digestive secretions

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19
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on urinary bladder

A

Relaxation

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20
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on urinary bladder

A

Contraction

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21
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on eyes

In terms of the pupil and adjusting the eye

A

Dilation of pupil
Adjustment of eye for far vision

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22
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on eyes

In terms of the pupil and adjusting the eye

A

Constriction of pupil
Adjustment of eye for near vision

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23
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on liver’s glycogen stores

A

Nothing

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24
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on liver’s glycogen stores

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

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25
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on adipose cells’ fat stores

A

Nothing

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26
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on adipose cells’ fat stores

A

Lipolysis

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27
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on brain

A

None

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28
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on brain

A

Increased alertness

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29
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on genitals

In males and females

A

Ejaculation and orgasmic contractions in males

orgasmic contractions in females

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30
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on genitals

In males and females

A

Erection

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31
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on adrenal medulla

A

Stimulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion

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32
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on adrenal medulla

A

None

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33
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on endocrine pancreas

In terms of insulin secretion and glucagon secretion

A

Inhibit insulin secretion
Stimulate glucagon secretion

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34
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on endocrine pancreas

In terms of insulin secretion and glucagon secretion

A

Stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion

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35
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on salivary glands

A

Stimulation of small volume of thick saliva rich in mucus

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36
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on salivary glands

A

Stimulation of large volume of watery saliva rich in enzymes

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37
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on sweat glands

A

Stimulation of secretion by some sweat glands

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38
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on sweat glands

A

Stimulation of secretion by most sweat glands

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39
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation on exocrine pancreas

In terms of pancreatic exocrine secretion

A

Inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion

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40
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on exocrine pancreas

In terms of pancreatic exocrine secretion

A

Stimulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion

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41
Q

Exceptions to general rule of dual reciprocal innervation by the two branches of autonomic nervous system

– Most arterioles and veins receive only ______ nerve fibers
– Most sweat glands are innervated only by ________ nerves
– Salivary glands are innervated by _______ nerves

A

sympathetic

sympathetic

both ANS divisions

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42
Q

arteries
capillaries
Arterioles
Veins

Which ones are Innervated And which ones aren’t

A

Not Innervated
Not Innervated
Innervated
Innervated

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43
Q

Adrenal Cortex

• Produces _____ hormones
•________-processing enzymes in sER, inner mitochondria membrane

A

steroid

Cholesterol

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44
Q

Parenchymal cells of the adrenal cortex can produce _____ de novo

– Mainly by ______ of ——-
– Cholesterol-rich ______ in cytoplasm

A

cholesterol

endocytosis; LDL

lipid droplets

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45
Q

Capsule of adrenal cortex has _______ layers

List them

A

3 cell

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculus
Zona Reticularis

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46
Q

Adrenal Medulla
• Modified ______ ganglion

– Release _______ to ECF

A

sympathetic

catecholamines

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47
Q

Adrenal medulla give axons to it’s target

T/F

A

F

no axons at targets

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48
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla = _________

A

pheochromocytes

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49
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla

Axon or Axonless
secretory or non secretory cells

A

Axonless
Secretory

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50
Q

Cells of the Adrenal medulla

Has ___ cell subpopulations

A

Two

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51
Q

Cells of the adrenal medulla

___________ producing cells
• __________ producing cells
– Secrete products from granules to ECF by _______

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

exocytosis

52
Q

Adrenal medulla is a modified part of ______ nervous system

A

sympathetic

53
Q

An example of a Modified sympathetic ganglion that does not give rise to postganglionic fibers

A

Adrenal medulla

54
Q

Adrenal medulla

Stimulation of preganglionic fiber prompts secretion of hormones into blood
• About ____% of hormone release is norepinephrine
• About ___% of hormone released is epinephrine (adrenaline

A

20

80

55
Q

Difference between the structures of norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Epinephrine has a methyl group that NE doesn’t

56
Q

Adrenal Medulla

• Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
– Secreted into blood by ____ of _____

A

exocytosis

chromaffin granules

57
Q

Epi and NE

Same affinities for different adrenergic receptor
T/F

A

F

Vary in their affinities for the different adrenergic receptor types

58
Q

Epinephrine
– Reinforces sympathetic system in mounting general systemic “________” responses
– Maintenance of ______ pressure
– Increases blood _____ and blood _____

A

fight-or-flight

arterial blood

glucose

fatty acids

59
Q

Catecholamines
• Stimulators:_____ , elevated
sound levels, intense _____, ___ blood sugar levels

A

stress; elevated; light

low

60
Q

Catecholamines

Synthesized from _______ to ______

A

L-tyrosine  L-Dopa

61
Q

• L-tyrosine in plasma (_____ mg/dL)

A

1-1.5

62
Q

Catecholamines are (Passively or Actively?) transported into cells

A

Actively

63
Q

Adrenal medulla catecholamine output approx. ___% epinephrine

A

80

64
Q

plasma ratio is __:__ norepinephrine: epinephrine

A

8:2

65
Q

Adrenergic receptor

• α1: excitatory or inhibitory
•β1: excitatory or inhibitory
• α2: excitatory or inhibitory
•β2: excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

excitatory

inhibitory

inhibitory

66
Q

Adrenergic receptor

• α1: NE or E?
•β1: NE or E?
• α2: NE or E?
•β2: NE or E?

A

NE
Equal
NE
Just E

67
Q

Adrenergic receptor
Location

• α1: _____
•β1: _______
• α2:_______
•β2: _______

A

Most sympathetic target cells

Heart

Digestive system

Skeletal muscle; smooth muscle of some blood vessels and organs

68
Q

Adrenergic receptor
Example of response generated

• α1: _____ (____)
•β1: _______
• α2:_______(_____)
•β2: _______

A

Generalized arteriolar vasoconstriction ; increased smooth muscle contraction

Increased rate and strength of cardiac muscle contraction

Decreased motility in digestive tract; reduced smooth muscle contraction

Decreased Smooth muscle contraction

69
Q

Secretory Vesicles of catecholamines

• Active transport via _______ which are __________ pump that pump catecholamines Into _____
– pH, electrical gradient
– Antiporter

• ___________________ segments
– Related to plasma membrane _______ transporters

A

VMATs

ATP-driven proton; vesicle membranes

12 transmembrane helical

monoamine

70
Q

Catecholamine Release from Storage Vesicles

• ACh released from preganglionic fibers binds to ______ receptors leading to _____ of _____ , causing the _____-gated ___ channels to open and there’s influx of ____

Eventually, there is ______ of secretory vesicles such as _____,______,______, and other peptides released

A

Nicotinic

depolarization of pheochromocytes

Ligand ; Ca2+

Ca2+

exocytosis

Chromogranins, DBH, ATP

71
Q

Actions of Catecholamines

• Fetus
– Fetal production (mostly _____) through fetal zone

A

norepi

72
Q

• Circulating catecholamines reach most tissues

T/F

Mention any exception, with reason

A

T

BUT cannot penetrate because of BBB and Fetus

73
Q

Catecholamines are important in intrauterine life

T/F
With reason

A

T

for cardiovascular responses

74
Q

fetal production of Catecholamines is (small or Large?)

A

Large

75
Q

Placenta expresses catecholamine degrading enzymes

T/F

A

T

76
Q

Placental norepinephrine transporter

– Delivers circulating fetal catechol’s for _____

A

Degradation

77
Q

Catecholamine Elimination

•____% associated with _____ protein

A

50-60; albumin

78
Q

Catecholamines are (short or long?) lived molecules

A

Short

79
Q

Life span of catecholamines is about _____ to ____

A

10 sec to 1.7 min

80
Q

Catecholamine elimination

Elimination
– At synapse, the ___ near sympathetic neurons contains the catecholamines and there is _____ into _______ where they could either _______ via ____ OR Become ______ by ______

A

ISF

Reuptake; nerve terminals

Reenter vesicles ; VMAT

degraded; monoamine oxidase

81
Q

MAOIs bind to ____ for inhibition

A

MAO

82
Q

– In target cells, catecholamines are Degraded by ________

A

Catechol-O-MethylTransferase (COMT)

83
Q

Catecholamines elimination

-__% is directly filtered into urine

A

5

84
Q

MAO
– found In ______________
– Substrates also include _____,____
–it _____ amino groups into ______
– Further ____ by (specific or nonspecific?) _____
– Ultimate production of ______

A

outer mitochondria membrane

serotonin, histamine

Oxidizes; aldehydes

oxidation; non specific ; aldehyde deHase

dihydroxymandelic acid (DOMA)

85
Q

For MAO, we have ____ and _____ subtypes

A

MAO-A

MAO-B

86
Q

COMT –for (intra or extra?) neuronal degradation
– Uses _________ as _____ donor

A

Extra

S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM); methyl

87
Q

COMT is not Important to circulating catecholamines

T/F

A

F

It is

88
Q

The final conjugation of catecholamines in its elimination

  • ———,——— in liver, gut
    – Excretion through ____
A

Sulfate, glucuronate

urine

89
Q

AMPT inhibits the conversion of ______ to ______

A

Tyrosine

DOPA

90
Q

AMPT??

A

Alpha methyl para tyrosine

91
Q

Disulphiram inhibits the conversion of ____ to _____

A

Dopamine to norepinephrine

92
Q

Reserpine serves to inhibit ________

A

Noradrenaline vesicular reuptake

93
Q

Tetrabenezine serves to inhibit ________

A

Noradrenaline vesicular reuptake

94
Q

Imipramine serves to inhibit _______

A

Noradrenaline neuronal reuptake

95
Q

Iproniazid is a ________

A

MAO inhibitor

96
Q

Sympathoadrenal functions

1) Catecholamines regulate intermediary metabolism.

-Carbohydrate metabolism (β-AR ): blood glucose levels ___eased

-Fat metabolism (β-AR ): activates a _____, ______ lipase that metabolizes fats into ______ and _____

  • Protein metabolism (β-AR ): ___eases the release of amino acids from skeletal muscle
A

Incr

hormone-sensitive lipase; triglyceride

fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol

Decr

97
Q

Sympathoadrenal functions

The sympathetic nervous system regulates thermogenesis.

-______thermogenesis:
-______(____) thermogenesis: occurs in _____ tissue in the rat

A

Shivering

Nonshivering; chemical

brown adipose

98
Q

Nonshivering thermogenesis is defined as an increase in _____ (above the basal metabolism) that is not associated with _____. It occurs mainly through metabolism in _____ and to a lesser degree also in ______,______,_____ and _____

A

metabolic heat production

muscle activity

brown fat

skeletal muscle, liver, brain, and white fat.

99
Q

Adrenergic receptors mediate cardiovascular responses to stress
T/F

A

T

100
Q

Physiological implications of sympathoadrenal catecholamines
• General: activates _______ mechanisms.
– Mobilizes _____, ____ blood

A

fight/flight

Energy

Redistributes

101
Q

Physiological implications of sympathoadrenal catecholamines

• Opposes ________ system
– Promotes digestion, storage of energy
– BUT distinct target cell pop’ns within organs

A

parasympathetic

102
Q

Physiological implications of sympathoadrenal catecholamines

• Many targets; overall
– ____ease cardiac output, blood pressure
– Broncho______ leading to matched _____ w/ increased _____
– Blood diverted from ____ and _____ to ___
• Retain blood to _____
– Mobilize fuel from energy stores

A

Incr

dilation; perfusion; ventilation

viscera and skin; muscle

brain

103
Q

Catecholamines synthesis

From phenylalanine to _______ by ______

To _________ by _________

To ________ by ________

To _______ by ______

To ________ by _______

A

Tyrosine; phenylalanine hydroxylase

Dopa; Tyrosine hydroxylase

Dopamine ; Dopa decarboxylase

Norepinephrine;Dopamine -beta-hydroxylase

Epinephrine; Phenyethanamine N-methyl transferase

104
Q

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

• aids the Ring hydroxylation from ______ to _____

• Contains ___;_______ cofactor
• Activity regulated by _____ nerves
– Get phosphorylation ____,_____, and _____ kinases

A

Tyrosine; L-DOPA

Fe2+; tetrahydrobiopterin

preganglionic

PKA, PKC and
calmodulin-dependent

105
Q

Long-term stimulation of tyrosine hydroxylase leads to ____ of _____ and _____ but Increased L-DOPA leads to _____

A

upregulation of transcription and translation

product inhibition

106
Q

DOPA Decarboxylase
(L-aromatic amino acid
decarboxylase)
•________ cofactor
• End product in ____

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

CNS

107
Q

DOPA Decarboxylase
(Aka ____________ decarboxylase)

A

L-aromatic amino acid

108
Q

DOPA Decarboxylase’s end product is Stored in secretory vesicles

T/F

A

T

109
Q

Dopamine is Stored in secretory vesicles and Enter by (active or passive?) transport using ______

A

Active

MVATs

110
Q

VMATs = _______

A

Vesicular MonoAmine Transporters

111
Q

Dopamine Hydroxylase (DBH)

It aids a _____ hydroxylation to
________
• Contains ___; ____ cofactor
• reaction occurs within ______
• End product in _____ nerves, most central catecholaminergic neural
tracts

A

side chain; noradrenaline

Cu ; Vit C

secretory vesicle

sympathetic

112
Q

Phenylethanolamine N-MethylTransferase (PNMT)

•aids ________ of _____ to ______

• Methyl donor =___________

A

N-methylation; norepinephrine ; epinephrine

S-Adenosylmethionine

113
Q

Phenylethanolamine N-MethylTransferase (PNMT)

• Cytoplasmic –Norepinephrine leaves
vesicle by (active or Passive?) transport , (with or against?) concentration gradient
–Epinephrine must then reenter secretory vesicle by (active or Passive?) transport

A

Passive ; with

Active

114
Q

PNMT
• Expression depends on (high or low?) (local or foreign ?) _____ From ______ through ____ system
• Transcriptional activation of PNMT gene through _____-activated _____ receptor and also other ______ factors

A

High; foreign ; cortisol; adrenal cortex; sinusoid

ligand; glucocorticoid

transcription

115
Q

PNMT

activity is inhibited by glucocorticoid

T/F

A

F

Stimulated

116
Q

PNMT

• increase in Adrenaline leads to ________

A

product feedback inhibition

117
Q

PNMT

Besides the adrenal gland is Also found in ______,_____,______

A

kidney, lung, pancreas

118
Q

nonspecific NMT Contributes to peripheral conversion norepinephrine to epinephrine

T/F

A

T

119
Q

Norepinephrine +COMT=

The. + MAO=

A

Normetanephrine

Vanillylmandelic acid

120
Q

Amphetamines (stimulate or inhibit?) release of NE

A

Stimulate

121
Q

_______ and ——— inhibit the release of NE from the neuron

A

Guanethidine

Bretylium

122
Q

Cocaine prevents the _______ of norepinephrine

A

Reuptake

123
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants prevents the _______ of norepinephrine

A

Reuptake

124
Q

What organ lacks alpha 1 receptor besides the heart

A

Lungs and bronchioles

kidney

125
Q

What organ lacks beta 2 receptor besides the heart

A

Pilomotor organs
Sweat glands
Skin

126
Q

Beta2- ____ of git
Alpha 1- ______ of git

A

wall

sphincter

127
Q

In blood vessels, alpha 1 mediates vaso____ while beta2 mediates vaso_____

A

Constriction

Dilation

House Pharmacology (50 decks)

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