Intro To Pharmac Flashcards
PHARMACOKINETICS
________
What the Body does to the Drugs
PHARMACOGNOSY
____
How we can identify and classify drugs
PHARMACODYNAMICS
______
What the Drug does to the Body
Ipratropium bromide is administered by ______ route
Inhalational
Mention example of 2 drugs taken through the rectal route
Rectal diazepam
Rectal paracetamol
highly perfused organs receive most of the drug
T/F
T
Drugs retained mostly plasma (aspirin, aminoglycosides) have (small or large?) Vd.
Drugs distributed into tissues (Pethidine) have (small or large?) Vd
Small
Large
Poisoning/overdosage of drugs with wide Vd can be removed by hemodialysis.
T/F
F
It can’t
General characteristics of dosage forms
oral/local (tablets, mixture)
rectal/local (______,______)
vaginal (_____,_______,______)
inhalation/local (_____,____)
suppository, enema
tablet, ovule, cream
aerosol, powder
Oral forms
efficacy:______ absorption and _______, ______ effect
safety: ______ absorption, gastric _____
convenience:(-)? handling (children, elderly)
uncertain; first-pass metabolism; gradual
uncertain; irritation
Sublingual tablets and aerosols
efficacy:(+) act ______, __________
safety:(-) easy _______
convenience:aerosol (easy or difficult?) to handle, tablets (easy or difficult ?) to use
rapidly; no first-pass metabolism
overdose
Difficult
Easy
Rectal preparations
efficacy:_______ absorption, (+) 50% first-pass metabolism, (slow or rapid?) effect
safety:local __________
convenience:(+) in case of nausea, vomiting and problems with swallowing
uncertain; rapid
irritation
Inhalation gases and vapors
efficacy:( slow or fast?) effect
safety:local ________
convenience:(-) need handling by trained staff
Fast
irritation
Injections
efficacy:(slow or fast?) effect, no first-pass metabolism, accurate dosage possible
safety: ______ possible, _____ often a problem
convenience:painful, need trained staff, more costly than oral forms
Fast
overdose; sterility
Topical preparations
efficacy: __________ is possible, limited __________
safety:_________ in case of antibiotics, (few or many ?) side effects
convenience:(-) some vaginal forms difficult to handle
high concentrations
systemic penetration
sensitization
Few
Loading dose – administered _______ dose isusedto __________. Without a loading dose, it can take quite a bit of time to reach steady state e.g. phenytoin
single large
quickly achieve a high plasma concentration ofdrug
Maintenance dose –maintainsthe _______________ after the loading dose is given
desired steady-state drug concentration
The loading dose is calculated by ____________ by the ____________ and _________ by the _________.
multiplying the Volume of Distribution
Target Plasma Concentration
dividing that amount
Bioavailability
Based on the loading dose calculations,
This means that:
The more a drug leaches out into the tissues (i.e., the ______ its volume of distribution), and the _____ our target concentration, and the ______ the absorption of the drug, the larger the loading dose required to achieve the desired effect.
On the contrary, the better the drug stays in the blood plasma (i.e., the ____ its volume of distribution), the ______ our target concentration, and the ______ its systemic circulation absorption, the less of it we’ll have to use.
wider; higher; lower
lower; lower; better
