Substance Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

Psychoactive” – are substances that can ________ and become active in the ____________, with effects on mood, cognition, psychomotor movement, and personality.

A

pass the Blood Brain Barrier

brain & central nervous system

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2
Q

alcohol is not a drug

T/F

A

F

It is

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3
Q

__________, the most common response to repetitive use of the same drug, can be defined as the reduction in response to the drug after repeated administrations.

A

Tolerance

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4
Q

Drug Dependence is a state that develops as a result of the ___________ produced by a _________ in response to repeated drug use

A

adaptation (tolerance)

resetting of homeostatic mechanisms

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5
Q

Drug Addiction, on the other hand, consists of _______, _____ drug use despite _____tive consequences, at times triggered by cravings that occur in response to contextual cues

A

compulsive

relapsing

nega

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6
Q

Compulsive behaviour
Behaviour is _____ (_______)

Craving
Loss of Control in ________

A

reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable)

limiting intake

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7
Q

Intolerance

When drugs combine to produce ________________
Example: disulfyram (Antabuse) and ________

A

extremely uncomfortable reactions

and alcohol

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8
Q

Cross-tolerance

Tolerance for one drug creates a ___________
Example: Alcohol and ________

A

similar reaction to another drug

barbiturates

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9
Q

Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization as

“The _______________________ .”

A

degree to which the person’s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider

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10
Q

Medical adherence is the same as compliance

T/F

A

F

different from compliance)

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11
Q

Drug Interactions

Polydrug Use- Taking ____________

Synergism- Effects are _______
Expressed as 2 + 2 = __
Example: Alcohol and _______

A

several substances simultaneously

multiplied; 10

barbiturates

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12
Q

When the individual eventually needs to consume the addictive substance or enact the behavior to feel normal, he /she is ________

A

Addicted

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13
Q

Addiction is classified by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) as ________

A

A mental disorder

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14
Q

many people abuse and misuse legal drugs

T/F

A

T

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15
Q

Drug misuse—use for ___________

Drug abuse— ______ use

A

purpose not intended

excessive

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16
Q

Misuse and abuse may lead to addiction

T/F

A

T

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17
Q

Drug and alcohol abuse contributes to more than ______ American deaths a year

A

120,000

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18
Q

How Drugs Affect the Brain

Mesolimbic dopamine—neurons relay messages about _______

Psychoactive drugs—affects chemical neurotransmission, either _____ it, ______ it, or _______ it

A

pleasure

enhancing

suppressing

interfering with

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19
Q

Some people’s bodies naturally produce insufficient quantities of neurotransmitters, which predisposes them to addictions such as alcohol, drugs, or exercise

T/F

A

T

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20
Q

Direct application of drugs into the ________ also acts as a strong reinforcer,
and systemic administration of drugs of abuse causes release of _____.

A

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

dopamine

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21
Q

As a general rule, all addictive drugs activate the _____________ system.

A

mesolimbic dopamine

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22
Q

The central problem is that even after successful withdrawal and prolonged drug-free periods, addicted individuals are at (low or high?) risk of _______.

A

High

relapsing

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23
Q

Relapse is typically triggered by one of the following three conditions:

______
_________
___________

A

reexposure to the drug of abuse
stress
a context that recalls prior drug use

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24
Q

All illegal drugs are psychoactive

T/F

A

T

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25
Q

prescription needed for Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs

T/F

A

F

None needed

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26
Q

How drugs enter the body

Orally /Sublingual (drinking, swallowing , etc.)
It usually takes approx. ____-_____ for full reaction time.

Snorting (sniffing)
It takes approx. __-_____ for full reaction

A

20-30 minutes

3-5 minutes

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27
Q

How drugs enter the body

Inhaling (smoking, huffing)
____-_____ for full reaction time

Injection (IV or IM- mainlining or skin popping)

IV takes approx. ____-_____ where IM takes approx. ___-____ for full reaction time.

A

7-10 seconds

15-30 seconds,

3-5 minutes

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28
Q

Since all addictive drugs increase dopamine concentrations in target structures of the mesolimbic projections,
We classify them on the basis of their __________ and __________

A

molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms.

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29
Q

Opioids use ______ receptor

A

Gio protein-coupled receptors.

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30
Q

cannabinoids use ______ receptor

A

Gio protein-coupled receptors.

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31
Q

Hallucinogens use _____ receptor

A

Gio protein-coupled receptors.

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32
Q

g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), use ___________ receptor

A

Gio protein-coupled receptors.

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33
Q

nicotine use _______ receptors

A

ionotropic receptors or ion channels.

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34
Q

Alcohol use __________ receptors

A

ionotropic receptors or ion channels.

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35
Q

the benzodiazepines use _______ receptors

A

ionotropic receptors or ion channels.

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36
Q

dissociative anesthetics use _____ receptors

A

ionotropic receptors or ion channels

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37
Q

some inhalants use ________ receptors

A

ionotropic receptors or ion channels

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38
Q

Cocaine use ______ receptor

A

monoamine transporters.

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39
Q

amphetamines use ______ receptors

A

monoamine transporters.

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40
Q

ecstasy use _______ receptors

A

monoamine transporters.

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41
Q

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
List 4

A

Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Narcotics

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42
Q

Stimulants – Cocaine

White _______

Derived from the leaves of the South American ________

Cocaine (slowly or rapidly?) enters bloodstream

A

crystalline powder

coca shrub; rapidly

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43
Q

Cocaine

Exposed fetus is likely to suffer damage

T/F

A

T

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44
Q

Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly _________ and _______

A

psychiatric counseling and 12-step programs.

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45
Q

______ is used in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) with High potential for abuse

A

Amphetamines

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46
Q

Some Amphetamines used for medicinal purposes

T/F

A

T

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47
Q

Methamphetamine

Affects _________

Euphoria lasts _________
Methods of use: snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested

A

brain and CNS

6 to 8 hours

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48
Q

When ingested, meth can lead to ________

A

meth-induced tooth decay

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49
Q

Most popular and widely consumed drug in the United States is _________

A

Caffeine

50
Q

Caffeine is derived from the chemical family called ______, which are found in plant products such as coffee, tea, and chocolate.

A

xanthines

51
Q

Side effects of caffeine include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular _____, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild _____, and heartburn.

A

heartbeat

delirium

52
Q

Caffeine

Enhance _______ and reduce ____

A

mental alertness

53
Q

Caffeine meets the requirements for addiction

T/F

A

T

54
Q

Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids

Derived from ________ or _______(hemp)

_____________ is the active ingredient

A

Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

55
Q

________ , a potent cannabis preparation, is derived from the resin of the plant.

A

Hashish

56
Q

Marijuana and Medicine
– Helps with ______ and _____ during chemotherapy
– Improves _______ of those with AIDS related wasting syndrome
– Aids those with multiple sclerosis by ____________________
– Reduces eye pressure of _____

A

severe nausea and vomiting

appetite

reducing pain and spasticity

glaucoma

57
Q

Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use

–___________ in blood stream causes stress on the heart
– Contains high levels of ______
– __________ of the immune system
– Pregnant women at higher risk for ______ or _______

A

Carbon monoxide

carcinogens

Suppression

stillbirth or miscarriage

58
Q

Depressants
Opiates
– Cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria
– Called _____
– Derived from ______

– Depress ____ and lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
–_______ sex drive

A

narcotics

opium

CNS

Decrease

59
Q

Mention 6 examples of opiates

A

morphine, codeine, tramadol, heroin, pentazocine, pethidine

60
Q

Heroin is a _______ derived from ______.

A

white powder

morphine

61
Q

Black tar heroin is a ____,_______ foul smelling form of heroin that is relatively _____ and ____

A

sticky, dark brown

Pure and inexpensive

62
Q

Heroin withdrawal is distinct, including an ___________, _____ disturbances, ____ pupils, and muscle tremors

A

intense desire for the drug

sleep

dilated

63
Q

______________ of powdered heroin mixed in a solution and is the most common route of administration

A

Mainlining—intravenous injection

64
Q

Codeine is a (short or long?) -acting narcotic _____ often prescribed by physicians for _______ and as an ______

A

Short

analgesic

pain relief and as an antitussive

65
Q

Codeine can be highly addictive and provides the user with an overall sense of ______ and feelings of _____

A

calm

pleasure

66
Q

Symptoms of codeine abuse

Mood symptoms:
_____
Calm
______[
Anxiety
________

A

Euphoria

Depression

Mood swings

67
Q

Symptoms of codeine abuse

Behavioral symptoms:
Drowsiness
Increase in _________
Decreased _______
Apathy – lack of interest
No longer ___________
“_____ shopping” or visiting a number of doctors to obtain more codeine prescriptions.
_________ forgery

A

amount of time sleeping

appetite

caring for loved ones – uncaring attitude

Doctor

Prescription

68
Q

Symptoms of codeine abuse
Physical symptoms: contd

Rashes
_____ retention
____tension
Respiratory _____
Decreased ______
_____
________ to lips and fingernails

A

Urinary

Hypo

depression

libido; Seizures

Blue tinge

69
Q

Signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal

Anxiety
_____ness
_____lity
Alternating ____________
Wetness: _________________________________________

At peak intensity of withdrawal, patients may experience:
– Nausea and vomiting
– Abdominal cramps
– Insomnia
– _____________ or ________ (rare)

A

Nervous; Irritabi

chills and hot flushes

salivation, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sweating, and gooseflesh

Multifocal myoclonus

abrupt spasms

70
Q

Depressants: Opiates

Treatment of Opiates
–_________
–__________
–_____________

A

Methadone

Naltrexone

Buprenorphine

71
Q

Depressants: Opiates
Treatment of Opiates
– Methadone
Blocks ___________

– Naltrexone
Opiate _______
Lose ______________
– Buprenorphine
Blocks _________ for heroin

A

effects of opiates withdrawal

antagonist

compulsion to use heroin

cravings

72
Q

Methadone , a ___________ is potentially addictive itself

T/F

A

T

Treatment of opiates

73
Q

Buprenophine is addictive itself

T/F

A

F

Nonaddictive

74
Q

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates –

Benzodiazepines ( _______ )

They include the most common ____________ drugs

A

tranquilizers

sedative-hypnotic

75
Q

Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates –

Barbiturates
_________ drugs
__________

A

Sedative-hypnotic

Phenobarbital

76
Q

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines

Which is more safe

A

benzodiazepines

77
Q

Barbiturates has Synergistic effect when combined with _____, can lead to _______ and _______

A

alcohol

respiratory failure and death

78
Q

Barbiturates Can produce physical and psychological dependence in ______

A

several weeks

79
Q

Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to ________

A

sedatives

80
Q

The most common sedative-hypnotic drugs include : _____,______, and _______

A

Valium, Ativan, and Xanax

81
Q

Rohypnol

A ______ and _____ drug

Produces a _____ effect, _____, muscle _____, and slowed psychomotor responses

A

tranquilizer and “date rape”

sedative; amnesia; relaxation

82
Q

_________ Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on college campuses as it has been added to punch and other drinks at parties in hopes of lowering women’s inhibitions and facilitating potential sexual conquests

A

Rohypnol

83
Q

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

CNS _____ known to have _____,_______, and _______ effects
Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death

A

depressant

euphoric, sedative, and anabolic
(bodybuilding)

84
Q

_______________________ (GHB)

A

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate

85
Q

Mention 2 date rape drugs

A

Rohypnol
GHB

86
Q

Hallucinogens
– Scramble messages coming to _______

Synesthesia— __________

A

reticular formation

mixing of sensory messages

87
Q

In synesthesia, you may _______________________

A

May “hear colors” and “smell tastes”

88
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Also called ______

Common hallucinogen used to _____________

Used to ___________________ the world
In 1970 it was placed on controlled substances list Over 11 million

A

acid

“unlock secrets” of the mind

“turn on” and “tune out”

89
Q

_______________________ (LSD)

A

Lysergic acid diethylamide

90
Q

Americans have tried acid Commonly sold as a “ ______ ” on paper

A

blotter

91
Q

Ecstasy

Most common ____ drug
Side effects include ______,______,_______

Causes death in some cases, especially when combined with ______🙊
Chronic use can damage the brain

A

club

hallucination, paranoia, and amnesia

alcohol

92
Q

Ecstasy

Aka
_____________

A

methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

93
Q

Mescaline

Derived from ______
Native Americans use it for _______ purposes
Users typically swallow ___________
Generally induces immediate _______

A

peyote cactus

religious

10 to 12 dried peyote buttons

vomiting

94
Q

Psilocybin

Effects generally wear off in ___________
Cultivated from spores or harvested wild
Similar to ____ in effect
Mushroom varieties can be easily _____ , and mistakes can be ____

A

4 to 6 hours

LSD

misidentified

Fatal

95
Q

Psilocybin aka _________

A

Magic mushrooms

96
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Originally used as a ________
Side effects such as _____ led doctors to abandon use
May cause ____ or ______

Known to cause _____,_______ and overall ______

A

dissociative anesthetic

amnesia

euphoria or dysphoria

hallucinations, delusions, delirium

97
Q

Ketamine (Special K)

Used as ________ in many hospital and veterinary clinics
Causes __________ and _______

A

an anesthetic

hallucinations and sensory distortions

98
Q

Inhalants

(Legal or illegal?) to purchase and not commonly recognized as _____, though dangerous when used incorrectly
– Includes: ________,_____,______

A

Legal

drugs

glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement

99
Q

Inhalants

Amyl Nitrate and Nitrous Oxide
– Commonly known as ________
– An overdose of fumes from inhalants can cause ________ and _______

A

laughing gas

unconsciousness and death

100
Q

Anabolic Steroids

__________________________________ that promote muscle growth and strength

They include _____ drugs

A

Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone

Ergogenic

101
Q

Performance-enhancing steroid alternatives include

__________
_______________

A

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Clenbuterol

102
Q

Approximately _____ percent of drug users receive treatment

A

10

103
Q

Detoxification—an early ______ period during which an addict adjusts _______ and ________ to being free from the addiction’s influence

A

abstinence

physically and cognitively

104
Q

Receptors used

Inhalants- ______

Canabinoids- ____

Cocaine-________

Ecstasy- ________

A

ionotropic

Gi

monoamine transporters

monoamine transporters

105
Q

Receptors used

Benzodiazepines- _____

Nicotine- _____

Dissociative anesthesia -_______

Alcohol- _______

A

ionotropic

ionotropic

ionotropic

ionotropic

106
Q

Receptors used

Amphetamines- _______

Opioids- ____

GHB-____

Hallucinogens- ___

A

monoamine transporters

Gi

Gi

Gi

107
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

Caffeine

A

Stimulants

108
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

Cocaine

A

Stimulants

109
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

amphetamines

A

Stimulants

110
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

meth

A

Depressants

111
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

marijuana

A

Stimulants

112
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

opiates

A

Depressants

113
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

alcohol

A

Depressants

114
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

barbiturates

A

Depressants

115
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

meth

A

Depressants

116
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

codeine

A

Depressants

117
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

GHB

A

Depressants

118
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

LSD

A

Hallucinogens

119
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

ecstasy

A

Hallucinogens

120
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

PCP

A

Hallucinogens

121
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

psilocybin

A

Hallucinogens

122
Q

Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen

ketamine

A

Hallucinogens