Substance Abuse Flashcards
Psychoactive” – are substances that can ________ and become active in the ____________, with effects on mood, cognition, psychomotor movement, and personality.
pass the Blood Brain Barrier
brain & central nervous system
alcohol is not a drug
T/F
F
It is
__________, the most common response to repetitive use of the same drug, can be defined as the reduction in response to the drug after repeated administrations.
Tolerance
Drug Dependence is a state that develops as a result of the ___________ produced by a _________ in response to repeated drug use
adaptation (tolerance)
resetting of homeostatic mechanisms
Drug Addiction, on the other hand, consists of _______, _____ drug use despite _____tive consequences, at times triggered by cravings that occur in response to contextual cues
compulsive
relapsing
nega
Compulsive behaviour
Behaviour is _____ (_______)
Craving
Loss of Control in ________
reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable)
limiting intake
Intolerance
When drugs combine to produce ________________
Example: disulfyram (Antabuse) and ________
extremely uncomfortable reactions
and alcohol
Cross-tolerance
Tolerance for one drug creates a ___________
Example: Alcohol and ________
similar reaction to another drug
barbiturates
Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization as
“The _______________________ .”
degree to which the person’s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider
Medical adherence is the same as compliance
T/F
F
different from compliance)
Drug Interactions
Polydrug Use- Taking ____________
Synergism- Effects are _______
Expressed as 2 + 2 = __
Example: Alcohol and _______
several substances simultaneously
multiplied; 10
barbiturates
When the individual eventually needs to consume the addictive substance or enact the behavior to feel normal, he /she is ________
Addicted
Addiction is classified by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) as ________
A mental disorder
many people abuse and misuse legal drugs
T/F
T
Drug misuse—use for ___________
Drug abuse— ______ use
purpose not intended
excessive
Misuse and abuse may lead to addiction
T/F
T
Drug and alcohol abuse contributes to more than ______ American deaths a year
120,000
How Drugs Affect the Brain
Mesolimbic dopamine—neurons relay messages about _______
Psychoactive drugs—affects chemical neurotransmission, either _____ it, ______ it, or _______ it
pleasure
enhancing
suppressing
interfering with
Some people’s bodies naturally produce insufficient quantities of neurotransmitters, which predisposes them to addictions such as alcohol, drugs, or exercise
T/F
T
Direct application of drugs into the ________ also acts as a strong reinforcer,
and systemic administration of drugs of abuse causes release of _____.
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
dopamine
As a general rule, all addictive drugs activate the _____________ system.
mesolimbic dopamine
The central problem is that even after successful withdrawal and prolonged drug-free periods, addicted individuals are at (low or high?) risk of _______.
High
relapsing
Relapse is typically triggered by one of the following three conditions:
______
_________
___________
reexposure to the drug of abuse
stress
a context that recalls prior drug use
All illegal drugs are psychoactive
T/F
T
prescription needed for Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
T/F
F
None needed
How drugs enter the body
Orally /Sublingual (drinking, swallowing , etc.)
It usually takes approx. ____-_____ for full reaction time.
Snorting (sniffing)
It takes approx. __-_____ for full reaction
20-30 minutes
3-5 minutes
How drugs enter the body
Inhaling (smoking, huffing)
____-_____ for full reaction time
Injection (IV or IM- mainlining or skin popping)
IV takes approx. ____-_____ where IM takes approx. ___-____ for full reaction time.
7-10 seconds
15-30 seconds,
3-5 minutes
Since all addictive drugs increase dopamine concentrations in target structures of the mesolimbic projections,
We classify them on the basis of their __________ and __________
molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms.
Opioids use ______ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
cannabinoids use ______ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
Hallucinogens use _____ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), use ___________ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
nicotine use _______ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels.
Alcohol use __________ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels.
the benzodiazepines use _______ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels.
dissociative anesthetics use _____ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels
some inhalants use ________ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels
Cocaine use ______ receptor
monoamine transporters.
amphetamines use ______ receptors
monoamine transporters.
ecstasy use _______ receptors
monoamine transporters.
CATEGORIES OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
List 4
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Narcotics
Stimulants – Cocaine
White _______
Derived from the leaves of the South American ________
Cocaine (slowly or rapidly?) enters bloodstream
crystalline powder
coca shrub; rapidly
Cocaine
Exposed fetus is likely to suffer damage
T/F
T
Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly _________ and _______
psychiatric counseling and 12-step programs.
______ is used in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) with High potential for abuse
Amphetamines
Some Amphetamines used for medicinal purposes
T/F
T
Methamphetamine
Affects _________
Euphoria lasts _________
Methods of use: snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested
brain and CNS
6 to 8 hours
When ingested, meth can lead to ________
meth-induced tooth decay
