Substance Abuse Flashcards
Psychoactive” – are substances that can ________ and become active in the ____________, with effects on mood, cognition, psychomotor movement, and personality.
pass the Blood Brain Barrier
brain & central nervous system
alcohol is not a drug
T/F
F
It is
__________, the most common response to repetitive use of the same drug, can be defined as the reduction in response to the drug after repeated administrations.
Tolerance
Drug Dependence is a state that develops as a result of the ___________ produced by a _________ in response to repeated drug use
adaptation (tolerance)
resetting of homeostatic mechanisms
Drug Addiction, on the other hand, consists of _______, _____ drug use despite _____tive consequences, at times triggered by cravings that occur in response to contextual cues
compulsive
relapsing
nega
Compulsive behaviour
Behaviour is _____ (_______)
Craving
Loss of Control in ________
reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable)
limiting intake
Intolerance
When drugs combine to produce ________________
Example: disulfyram (Antabuse) and ________
extremely uncomfortable reactions
and alcohol
Cross-tolerance
Tolerance for one drug creates a ___________
Example: Alcohol and ________
similar reaction to another drug
barbiturates
Medication adherence is defined by the World Health Organization as
“The _______________________ .”
degree to which the person’s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider
Medical adherence is the same as compliance
T/F
F
different from compliance)
Drug Interactions
Polydrug Use- Taking ____________
Synergism- Effects are _______
Expressed as 2 + 2 = __
Example: Alcohol and _______
several substances simultaneously
multiplied; 10
barbiturates
When the individual eventually needs to consume the addictive substance or enact the behavior to feel normal, he /she is ________
Addicted
Addiction is classified by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) as ________
A mental disorder
many people abuse and misuse legal drugs
T/F
T
Drug misuse—use for ___________
Drug abuse— ______ use
purpose not intended
excessive
Misuse and abuse may lead to addiction
T/F
T
Drug and alcohol abuse contributes to more than ______ American deaths a year
120,000
How Drugs Affect the Brain
Mesolimbic dopamine—neurons relay messages about _______
Psychoactive drugs—affects chemical neurotransmission, either _____ it, ______ it, or _______ it
pleasure
enhancing
suppressing
interfering with
Some people’s bodies naturally produce insufficient quantities of neurotransmitters, which predisposes them to addictions such as alcohol, drugs, or exercise
T/F
T
Direct application of drugs into the ________ also acts as a strong reinforcer,
and systemic administration of drugs of abuse causes release of _____.
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
dopamine
As a general rule, all addictive drugs activate the _____________ system.
mesolimbic dopamine
The central problem is that even after successful withdrawal and prolonged drug-free periods, addicted individuals are at (low or high?) risk of _______.
High
relapsing
Relapse is typically triggered by one of the following three conditions:
______
_________
___________
reexposure to the drug of abuse
stress
a context that recalls prior drug use
All illegal drugs are psychoactive
T/F
T
prescription needed for Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs
T/F
F
None needed
How drugs enter the body
Orally /Sublingual (drinking, swallowing , etc.)
It usually takes approx. ____-_____ for full reaction time.
Snorting (sniffing)
It takes approx. __-_____ for full reaction
20-30 minutes
3-5 minutes
How drugs enter the body
Inhaling (smoking, huffing)
____-_____ for full reaction time
Injection (IV or IM- mainlining or skin popping)
IV takes approx. ____-_____ where IM takes approx. ___-____ for full reaction time.
7-10 seconds
15-30 seconds,
3-5 minutes
Since all addictive drugs increase dopamine concentrations in target structures of the mesolimbic projections,
We classify them on the basis of their __________ and __________
molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms.
Opioids use ______ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
cannabinoids use ______ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
Hallucinogens use _____ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), use ___________ receptor
Gio protein-coupled receptors.
nicotine use _______ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels.
Alcohol use __________ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels.
the benzodiazepines use _______ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels.
dissociative anesthetics use _____ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels
some inhalants use ________ receptors
ionotropic receptors or ion channels
Cocaine use ______ receptor
monoamine transporters.
amphetamines use ______ receptors
monoamine transporters.
ecstasy use _______ receptors
monoamine transporters.
CATEGORIES OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
List 4
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Narcotics
Stimulants – Cocaine
White _______
Derived from the leaves of the South American ________
Cocaine (slowly or rapidly?) enters bloodstream
crystalline powder
coca shrub; rapidly
Cocaine
Exposed fetus is likely to suffer damage
T/F
T
Treatment for cocaine addiction involves mainly _________ and _______
psychiatric counseling and 12-step programs.
______ is used in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) with High potential for abuse
Amphetamines
Some Amphetamines used for medicinal purposes
T/F
T
Methamphetamine
Affects _________
Euphoria lasts _________
Methods of use: snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested
brain and CNS
6 to 8 hours
When ingested, meth can lead to ________
meth-induced tooth decay
Most popular and widely consumed drug in the United States is _________
Caffeine
Caffeine is derived from the chemical family called ______, which are found in plant products such as coffee, tea, and chocolate.
xanthines
Side effects of caffeine include wakefulness, insomnia, irregular _____, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild _____, and heartburn.
heartbeat
delirium
Caffeine
Enhance _______ and reduce ____
mental alertness
Caffeine meets the requirements for addiction
T/F
T
Marijuana and Other Cannabinoids
Derived from ________ or _______(hemp)
_____________ is the active ingredient
Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
________ , a potent cannabis preparation, is derived from the resin of the plant.
Hashish
Marijuana and Medicine
– Helps with ______ and _____ during chemotherapy
– Improves _______ of those with AIDS related wasting syndrome
– Aids those with multiple sclerosis by ____________________
– Reduces eye pressure of _____
severe nausea and vomiting
appetite
reducing pain and spasticity
glaucoma
Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use
–___________ in blood stream causes stress on the heart
– Contains high levels of ______
– __________ of the immune system
– Pregnant women at higher risk for ______ or _______
Carbon monoxide
carcinogens
Suppression
stillbirth or miscarriage
Depressants
Opiates
– Cause drowsiness, relieve pain, and induce euphoria
– Called _____
– Derived from ______
– Depress ____ and lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
–_______ sex drive
narcotics
opium
CNS
Decrease
Mention 6 examples of opiates
morphine, codeine, tramadol, heroin, pentazocine, pethidine
Heroin is a _______ derived from ______.
white powder
morphine
Black tar heroin is a ____,_______ foul smelling form of heroin that is relatively _____ and ____
sticky, dark brown
Pure and inexpensive
Heroin withdrawal is distinct, including an ___________, _____ disturbances, ____ pupils, and muscle tremors
intense desire for the drug
sleep
dilated
______________ of powdered heroin mixed in a solution and is the most common route of administration
Mainlining—intravenous injection
Codeine is a (short or long?) -acting narcotic _____ often prescribed by physicians for _______ and as an ______
Short
analgesic
pain relief and as an antitussive
Codeine can be highly addictive and provides the user with an overall sense of ______ and feelings of _____
calm
pleasure
Symptoms of codeine abuse
Mood symptoms:
_____
Calm
______[
Anxiety
________
Euphoria
Depression
Mood swings
Symptoms of codeine abuse
Behavioral symptoms:
Drowsiness
Increase in _________
Decreased _______
Apathy – lack of interest
No longer ___________
“_____ shopping” or visiting a number of doctors to obtain more codeine prescriptions.
_________ forgery
amount of time sleeping
appetite
caring for loved ones – uncaring attitude
Doctor
Prescription
Symptoms of codeine abuse
Physical symptoms: contd
Rashes
_____ retention
____tension
Respiratory _____
Decreased ______
_____
________ to lips and fingernails
Urinary
Hypo
depression
libido; Seizures
Blue tinge
Signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal
Anxiety
_____ness
_____lity
Alternating ____________
Wetness: _________________________________________
At peak intensity of withdrawal, patients may experience:
– Nausea and vomiting
– Abdominal cramps
– Insomnia
– _____________ or ________ (rare)
Nervous; Irritabi
chills and hot flushes
salivation, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sweating, and gooseflesh
Multifocal myoclonus
abrupt spasms
Depressants: Opiates
Treatment of Opiates
–_________
–__________
–_____________
Methadone
Naltrexone
Buprenorphine
Depressants: Opiates
Treatment of Opiates
– Methadone
Blocks ___________
– Naltrexone
Opiate _______
Lose ______________
– Buprenorphine
Blocks _________ for heroin
effects of opiates withdrawal
antagonist
compulsion to use heroin
cravings
Methadone , a ___________ is potentially addictive itself
T/F
T
Treatment of opiates
Buprenophine is addictive itself
T/F
F
Nonaddictive
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates –
Benzodiazepines ( _______ )
They include the most common ____________ drugs
tranquilizers
sedative-hypnotic
Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates –
Barbiturates
_________ drugs
__________
Sedative-hypnotic
Phenobarbital
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Which is more safe
benzodiazepines
Barbiturates has Synergistic effect when combined with _____, can lead to _______ and _______
alcohol
respiratory failure and death
Barbiturates Can produce physical and psychological dependence in ______
several weeks
Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to ________
sedatives
The most common sedative-hypnotic drugs include : _____,______, and _______
Valium, Ativan, and Xanax
Rohypnol
A ______ and _____ drug
Produces a _____ effect, _____, muscle _____, and slowed psychomotor responses
tranquilizer and “date rape”
sedative; amnesia; relaxation
_________ Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on college campuses as it has been added to punch and other drinks at parties in hopes of lowering women’s inhibitions and facilitating potential sexual conquests
Rohypnol
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
CNS _____ known to have _____,_______, and _______ effects
Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death
depressant
euphoric, sedative, and anabolic
(bodybuilding)
_______________________ (GHB)
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
Mention 2 date rape drugs
Rohypnol
GHB
Hallucinogens
– Scramble messages coming to _______
Synesthesia— __________
reticular formation
mixing of sensory messages
In synesthesia, you may _______________________
May “hear colors” and “smell tastes”
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Also called ______
Common hallucinogen used to _____________
Used to ___________________ the world
In 1970 it was placed on controlled substances list Over 11 million
acid
“unlock secrets” of the mind
“turn on” and “tune out”
_______________________ (LSD)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Americans have tried acid Commonly sold as a “ ______ ” on paper
blotter
Ecstasy
Most common ____ drug
Side effects include ______,______,_______
Causes death in some cases, especially when combined with ______🙊
Chronic use can damage the brain
club
hallucination, paranoia, and amnesia
alcohol
Ecstasy
Aka
_____________
methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Mescaline
Derived from ______
Native Americans use it for _______ purposes
Users typically swallow ___________
Generally induces immediate _______
peyote cactus
religious
10 to 12 dried peyote buttons
vomiting
Psilocybin
Effects generally wear off in ___________
Cultivated from spores or harvested wild
Similar to ____ in effect
Mushroom varieties can be easily _____ , and mistakes can be ____
4 to 6 hours
LSD
misidentified
Fatal
Psilocybin aka _________
Magic mushrooms
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Originally used as a ________
Side effects such as _____ led doctors to abandon use
May cause ____ or ______
Known to cause _____,_______ and overall ______
dissociative anesthetic
amnesia
euphoria or dysphoria
hallucinations, delusions, delirium
Ketamine (Special K)
Used as ________ in many hospital and veterinary clinics
Causes __________ and _______
an anesthetic
hallucinations and sensory distortions
Inhalants
(Legal or illegal?) to purchase and not commonly recognized as _____, though dangerous when used incorrectly
– Includes: ________,_____,______
Legal
drugs
glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement
Inhalants
Amyl Nitrate and Nitrous Oxide
– Commonly known as ________
– An overdose of fumes from inhalants can cause ________ and _______
laughing gas
unconsciousness and death
Anabolic Steroids
__________________________________ that promote muscle growth and strength
They include _____ drugs
Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone
Ergogenic
Performance-enhancing steroid alternatives include
__________
_______________
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Clenbuterol
Approximately _____ percent of drug users receive treatment
10
Detoxification—an early ______ period during which an addict adjusts _______ and ________ to being free from the addiction’s influence
abstinence
physically and cognitively
Receptors used
Inhalants- ______
Canabinoids- ____
Cocaine-________
Ecstasy- ________
ionotropic
Gi
monoamine transporters
monoamine transporters
Receptors used
Benzodiazepines- _____
Nicotine- _____
Dissociative anesthesia -_______
Alcohol- _______
ionotropic
ionotropic
ionotropic
ionotropic
Receptors used
Amphetamines- _______
Opioids- ____
GHB-____
Hallucinogens- ___
monoamine transporters
Gi
Gi
Gi
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
Caffeine
Stimulants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
Cocaine
Stimulants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
amphetamines
Stimulants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
meth
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
marijuana
Stimulants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
opiates
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
alcohol
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
barbiturates
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
meth
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
codeine
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
GHB
Depressants
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
LSD
Hallucinogens
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
ecstasy
Hallucinogens
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
PCP
Hallucinogens
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
psilocybin
Hallucinogens
Answer with stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogen
ketamine
Hallucinogens
