Toxicology Flashcards
Toxicology includes the prevention and amelioration of adverse effects
T/F
T
_______ is the founder of science of toxicology
Paracelsus
Science of toxicology is the ______ and _______ phase
observational and data gathering
Art of toxicology is the _______ phase
predictive
All substances are poisons
T/F
T
_______ differentiates a poison and a remedy
Dose
Forensic toxicology- Area of analytical chemistry which deals with ______ aspect of exposure
medico legal
Biochemical toxicology- Deals with _________ of poison, chemicals or toxic agents
mechanism of action
Clinical toxicology- Deals with ________
toxic drugs
Environmental toxicology- Deals with effects of _________ and _______
pollutants (Air and H2O) and environmental toxicants
Occupational toxicology- Deals with the toxicological effect of ____________ on health
occupation or work
Systemic toxicology- Deals with effect of toxicants on __________________
the blood, body systems and organs
Toxicity- is the ___________ of an agent to __________
Intrinsic tendency
produce adverse effect
Acute toxicity- Toxic effect of an agent observed within ________ after _______ exposure
24 hours
a single
Chronic toxicity- Toxic effect of an agent
observed after a ______ exposure (_______)
long term
3-6 months
Carcinogens – Agents that ________ e.g. _________ and ________
cause cancer
Genotoxic and non-genotoxic
Mutation – A change in ________ that can be _____________
genetic code
inherited or acquired
Teratogens – Agents that ___________
cause congenital abnormalities
RISK ASSESSMENT
Process by which scientists _________________
evaluate the potential for adverse health
Goals of risk management
Provide risk managers e.g. government, regulatory officers, industry health and safety directors or public health officers-
a) ________ for _______________ in order to protect health and environment
b) Protection against ___________
c) Allow the use of products whose ________________
Rational basis ; making decisions about managing the use of chemicals or physical agents
unacceptable risks
benefits outweigh the risks
Process of risk Management
Hazard ________
_________ Assessment
__________ Assessment
Risk ___________
Identification
Dose- Response
Exposure
Characterization
Chelate is a chemical compound in which _______________________
one atom is enclosed within a larger cluster of atoms that surround it like an envelope
Chelate is formed from a _________ plus ______
chelating agent plus a metal ion
CHELATING AGENTS
Chelating agents are ( specific or non-specific?) in their affinity for metals
non-specific
CHELATING AGENTS
They will mobilize and enhance the _______ of a wide range of metals
excretion
Chelation is the formation of ______ complex in which the ______ is associated with a _________________ referred to as a ligand
metal ion
metal ion
charged/uncharged electron donor
Chelating agents are Mainly used in _____________
metal overdose/toxicities
Examples of chelating agents
-Dithiocarbamate- This is used in _____, ______,_ and _____ poisoning
-Penicillamine- Used in _____ poisoning
-Dimercaprol- Used in ____ and ______ poisoning
Nickel, Arsenic and Mercury
copper
arsenic and mercury
Examples of chelating agents
Desferoxamine- used in ______ poisoning
-EDTA (____ or ____ ) – used in ____ poisoning
-_________________ (BAL)
-______________________________ (DTPA)
iron
Ca2+ or Na+; lead
British Antilewisite
Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid
Metals can be created or destroyed by human
T/F
F
They can neither be created nor destroyed by human
Toxic effects of Arsenic
-____toxicity , _____toxicity , ______ity, _______ reaction
Neuro; liver; teratogenic
hypersensitivity
Arsenic poisoning
Neurotoxicity
Peripheral or central ?
Both
Chelation therapy ____________ of arsenic in the blood
shorten the distribution
Chelation reverses damage from delayed effects of acute arsenic poisoning
T/F
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does not reverse damage from delayed effects of acute arsenic poisoning
Arsenic poisoning
liver toxicity leading to _____,_____
Ascities, cirrhosis
toxic effects of Arsenic
-Used chelating agents are: _______ and ________
-___________ may also be used to reduce absorption
BAL and D-penicillamine
Decontamination
Toxic effects of Mercury
-____ effects and ____ effect
CNS
respiratory
Toxic effects of Mercury
-CNS effects include Ataxia, loss of _________, tremor, increased ______
hearing and vision
excitability
Toxic effects of Mercury
-respiratory effect like ______ and _______
bronchitis, pneumonitis
In Mercury toxicity
_______ and _______ are used
________ also helps go reduce absorption
BAL and D-penicillamine
Decontamination
Toxic effects of Lead
-_________,_______, and _______ effects
Neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and haematological
Toxic effects of Lead
-_____,_______,________ are used
-Decontamination
EDTA, BAL and D-penicillamine
Toxic effects of Cadmium
-____ effects
- _______ effect , ________ disease
-__________
GIT
respiratory
renal tubular
carcinogenicity
Toxic effects of Cadmium
-________ may be used
-Decontamination
DMSA
Toxic effects of Berylium
-Main effect on ______
lung
Toxic effects of Berylium
-______itis, pulmonary ________, lung ________, ———— reaction
-Decontamination
Pneumon
granulomatosis
carcinoma
hypersensitivity
Toxic effects of Chromium
-Causes ___________ and ________
-Decontamination may be used
renal tubular necrosis and carcinogenicity
Toxic effects of Cyanide
-____ effects , anxiety, confusion, ___, salivation, cardiac arythanas, ______ failure and coma
GIT
paralysis
respiratory
Cyanide toxicity
-________ and _____ are used -Decontamination
D-penicillamine and BAL
Factors Influencing Toxicity of Metals
_____ of metals on tissue
Concurrent _________________
_________
_________
Concentration
exposure with other metals
Age
Life style
Alcohol intake influence absorption of minerals
T/F
T
Cigarette smoking influence pulmonary effects of metals
T/F
T
IDEAL CHELATOR
_______ soluble
Resistant to ____________
Able to reach the _________
Capable of forming _______
Have low affinity for ___________
Water
biochemical transformation
site of metal stage
non-toxic compound
essential metals e.g. iron and
zinc in enzyme
Management Procedure
ABCDs Of Poison Treatment
A – _________
B – ______ should be assessed
C – _______ should be assessed
D – ______ (patients that are _________
Air way should be cleared
Breathing
Circulation
Dextose
hypoglycemic)
Methods to prevent further absorption of poison?
Emesis
Gastric lavage
Chemical adsorption
Chemical inactivation (antidotes)
Purgation
In emesis
Take ipecap syrup to cause ___________ in children and adult
Take _________ to cause _______ in children and adult
Irritant effect on the enteric tract and stimulate CTZ
Apomorphine; stimulate CTZ
Apomorphine shouldn’t be used by _________ patients
Why?
respiratory and CNS depressed patient because it is a reparatory depressant
Gastric Lavage
-involves ___________ and ______ the stomach with _____,______ to remove the unabsorbed poison.
Inserting a tube into the stomach
washing
water, normal saline
Gastric lavage is Reserved for patients who have _______________
ingested a potentially life threatening poison
There are ____ gastric and ____ gastric lavage
oral
naso
Chemical Adsorption
-Use ________
-Use __:__ ration of _______ to ____
activated charcoal
10:1
charcoal to drug
Actuvated charcoal should be concurrently used with emetic agent and antidote
T/F
F
Not to be concurrently used with emetic agent and antidote
Chemical inactivation (Antidotes)
-Change _____ nature of poison and render it ______
chemical
less toxic
Purgation
-Use _______
-Minimize absorption by ________
-Examples are Sorbitol, Sodium Sulfate, Magnesium sulfate
osmotic cathartic
hastening passage of toxicant through GIT
Enhance Elimination of Poisons
By
————,———- or _______
Biotransformation
Dialysis
Haemodialysis
Antidote to formaldehyde poisoning in ______
Ammonia
Antidote to mercury ion poisoning in ______
Sodium formaldehyde
Antidote to ferric ion poisoning is ______
Sodium bicarbonate
Antidote to paracetamol poisoning is ______
Acetylcysteine
ADI- __________
Acceptable Daily Intake
Air pollutants- substances present in the air ________________.
above the permissible level
Food Additives refers to Chemicals that are added to food only intentionally
F
Food Additives are Chemicals that are added to food, either intentionally or unintentionally
OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY
-Agricultural workers e.g. exposure to _________ and ____
X-ray workers e.g. ________
insecticides and pesticides
Electromagnetic radiation
Fumigants – chemicals that are capable of killing _______,______, and ______
most pests, insects and rodents.
Rodenticides
-______
-________
-______
Warfarrin
Red Squill
Indocid
Rodenticides
-Warfarrin : ______
Red Squill – ______
Indocid – ______
Anticoagulant
CNS paralysis
Haemorrhage
Mercury- ____,____
Lead- car ______,____
Cadmium-_______
water, fish
battery, petroleum
chocolates
Lead- ___,____,______
Beryllium- fucks up _______
Chromium- _______ and _______
neuro, , nephro, hemat
lungs
renal tubular necrosis and cancer
Mercury- ——-,———-
Arsenic - ____,_____,______,______
CNS , respiratory
liver, neuro, teratogenic, hypersensit
