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House Pharmacology > Toxicology > Flashcards

Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology includes the prevention and amelioration of adverse effects

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

_______ is the founder of science of toxicology

A

Paracelsus

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3
Q

Science of toxicology is the ______ and _______ phase

A

observational and data gathering

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4
Q

Art of toxicology is the _______ phase

A

predictive

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5
Q

All substances are poisons

T/F

A

T

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6
Q

_______ differentiates a poison and a remedy

A

Dose

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7
Q

Forensic toxicology- Area of analytical chemistry which deals with ______ aspect of exposure
—

A

medico legal

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8
Q

Biochemical toxicology- Deals with _________ of poison, chemicals or toxic agents

—

A

mechanism of action

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9
Q

Clinical toxicology- Deals with ________

A

toxic drugs

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10
Q

Environmental toxicology- Deals with effects of _________ and _______

A

pollutants (Air and H2O) and environmental toxicants

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11
Q

Occupational toxicology- Deals with the toxicological effect of ____________ on health

A

occupation or work

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12
Q

Systemic toxicology- Deals with effect of toxicants on __________________

A

the blood, body systems and organs

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13
Q

Toxicity- is the ___________ of an agent to __________
—

A

Intrinsic tendency

produce adverse effect

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14
Q

Acute toxicity- Toxic effect of an agent observed within ________ after _______ exposure

A

24 hours

a single

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15
Q

Chronic toxicity- Toxic effect of an agent
observed after a ______ exposure (_______)

A

long term

3-6 months

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16
Q

Carcinogens – Agents that ________ e.g. _________ and ________

A

cause cancer

Genotoxic and non-genotoxic

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17
Q

Mutation – A change in ________ that can be _____________

A

genetic code

inherited or acquired

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18
Q

Teratogens – Agents that ___________

A

cause congenital abnormalities

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19
Q

RISK ASSESSMENT
Process by which scientists _________________

A

evaluate the potential for adverse health

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20
Q

Goals of risk management

Provide risk managers e.g. government, regulatory officers, industry health and safety directors or public health officers-

a) ________ for _______________ in order to protect health and environment

b) Protection against ___________

c) Allow the use of products whose ________________

A

Rational basis ; making decisions about managing the use of chemicals or physical agents

unacceptable risks

benefits outweigh the risks

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21
Q

Process of risk Management
—
Hazard ________
—_________ Assessment —
__________ Assessment
— Risk ___________

A

Identification

Dose- Response

Exposure

Characterization

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22
Q

Chelate is a chemical compound in which _______________________

A

one atom is enclosed within a larger cluster of atoms that surround it like an envelope

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23
Q

Chelate is formed from a _________ plus ______

—
—

A

chelating agent plus a metal ion

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24
Q

CHELATING AGENTS

—
Chelating agents are ( specific or non-specific?) in their affinity for metals

A

non-specific

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25
Q

CHELATING AGENTS

— They will mobilize and enhance the _______ of a wide range of metals

A

excretion

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26
Q

— Chelation is the formation of ______ complex in which the ______ is associated with a _________________ referred to as a ligand

A

metal ion

metal ion

charged/uncharged electron donor

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27
Q

Chelating agents are Mainly used in _____________

A

metal overdose/toxicities

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28
Q

Examples of chelating agents

-Dithiocarbamate- This is used in _____, ______,_ and _____ poisoning

-Penicillamine- Used in _____ poisoning

-Dimercaprol- Used in ____ and ______ poisoning

A

Nickel, Arsenic and Mercury

copper

arsenic and mercury

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29
Q

Examples of chelating agents

Desferoxamine- used in ______ poisoning

-EDTA (____ or ____ ) – used in ____ poisoning

-_________________ (BAL)

-______________________________ (DTPA)

A

iron

Ca2+ or Na+; lead

British Antilewisite

Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid

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30
Q

Metals can be created or destroyed by human

T/F

A

F

They can neither be created nor destroyed by human

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31
Q

Toxic effects of Arsenic

-____toxicity , _____toxicity , ______ity, _______ reaction

A

Neuro; liver; teratogenic

hypersensitivity

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32
Q

Arsenic poisoning

Neurotoxicity

Peripheral or central ?

A

Both

33
Q

Chelation therapy ____________ of arsenic in the blood

A

shorten the distribution

34
Q

Chelation reverses damage from delayed effects of acute arsenic poisoning

T/F

A

F

does not reverse damage from delayed effects of acute arsenic poisoning

35
Q

Arsenic poisoning

liver toxicity leading to _____,_____

A

Ascities, cirrhosis

36
Q

toxic effects of Arsenic

-Used chelating agents are: _______ and ________

-___________ may also be used to reduce absorption

A

BAL and D-penicillamine

Decontamination

37
Q

Toxic effects of Mercury

-____ effects and ____ effect

A

CNS

respiratory

38
Q

Toxic effects of Mercury

-CNS effects include Ataxia, loss of _________, tremor, increased ______

A

hearing and vision

excitability

39
Q

Toxic effects of Mercury

-respiratory effect like ______ and _______

A

bronchitis, pneumonitis

40
Q

In Mercury toxicity

_______ and _______ are used

________ also helps go reduce absorption

A

BAL and D-penicillamine

Decontamination

41
Q

Toxic effects of Lead

-_________,_______, and _______ effects

A

Neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and haematological

42
Q

Toxic effects of Lead

-_____,_______,________ are used
-Decontamination

A

EDTA, BAL and D-penicillamine

43
Q

Toxic effects of Cadmium
-____ effects
- _______ effect , ________ disease
-__________

A

GIT

respiratory

renal tubular

carcinogenicity

44
Q

Toxic effects of Cadmium

-________ may be used

-Decontamination

A

DMSA

45
Q

Toxic effects of Berylium

-Main effect on ______

A

lung

46
Q

Toxic effects of Berylium

-______itis, pulmonary ________, lung ________, ———— reaction

-Decontamination

A

Pneumon

granulomatosis

carcinoma

hypersensitivity

47
Q

Toxic effects of Chromium

-Causes ___________ and ________
-Decontamination may be used

A

renal tubular necrosis and carcinogenicity

48
Q

Toxic effects of Cyanide

-____ effects , anxiety, confusion, ___, salivation, cardiac arythanas, ______ failure and coma

A

GIT

paralysis

respiratory

49
Q

Cyanide toxicity

-________ and _____ are used -Decontamination

A

D-penicillamine and BAL

50
Q

Factors Influencing Toxicity of Metals

_____ of metals on tissue

Concurrent _________________

_________

_________

A

Concentration

exposure with other metals

Age
Life style

51
Q

Alcohol intake influence absorption of minerals

T/F

A

T

52
Q

Cigarette smoking influence pulmonary effects of metals

T/F

A

T

53
Q

IDEAL CHELATOR

_______ soluble

Resistant to ____________

Able to reach the _________

Capable of forming _______

Have low affinity for ___________

A

Water

biochemical transformation

site of metal stage

non-toxic compound

essential metals e.g. iron and
zinc in enzyme

54
Q

Management Procedure

ABCDs Of Poison Treatment
A – _________
B – ______ should be assessed
C – _______ should be assessed
D – ______ (patients that are _________

A

Air way should be cleared

Breathing

Circulation

Dextose

hypoglycemic)

55
Q

Methods to prevent further absorption of poison?

A

Emesis
Gastric lavage
Chemical adsorption
Chemical inactivation (antidotes)
Purgation

56
Q

In emesis

Take ipecap syrup to cause ___________ in children and adult

Take _________ to cause _______ in children and adult

A

Irritant effect on the enteric tract and stimulate CTZ

Apomorphine; stimulate CTZ

57
Q

Apomorphine shouldn’t be used by _________ patients

Why?

A

respiratory and CNS depressed patient because it is a reparatory depressant

58
Q

Gastric Lavage
-involves ___________ and ______ the stomach with _____,______ to remove the unabsorbed poison.

A

Inserting a tube into the stomach

washing

water, normal saline

59
Q

Gastric lavage is Reserved for patients who have _______________

A

ingested a potentially life threatening poison

60
Q

There are ____ gastric and ____ gastric lavage

A

oral

naso

61
Q

Chemical Adsorption
-Use ________
-Use __:__ ration of _______ to ____

A

activated charcoal

10:1

charcoal to drug

62
Q

Actuvated charcoal should be concurrently used with emetic agent and antidote

T/F

A

F

Not to be concurrently used with emetic agent and antidote

63
Q

Chemical inactivation (Antidotes)
—

-Change _____ nature of poison and render it ______

A

chemical

less toxic

64
Q

Purgation
-Use _______
-Minimize absorption by ________
-Examples are Sorbitol, Sodium Sulfate, Magnesium sulfate

A

osmotic cathartic

hastening passage of toxicant through GIT

65
Q

Enhance Elimination of Poisons

By

————,———- or _______

A

Biotransformation

— Dialysis
—
Haemodialysis

66
Q

Antidote to formaldehyde poisoning in ______

A

Ammonia

67
Q

Antidote to mercury ion poisoning in ______

A

Sodium formaldehyde

68
Q

Antidote to ferric ion poisoning is ______

A

Sodium bicarbonate

69
Q

Antidote to paracetamol poisoning is ______

A

Acetylcysteine

70
Q

ADI- __________

A

Acceptable Daily Intake

71
Q

Air pollutants- substances present in the air ________________.

A

above the permissible level

72
Q

Food Additives refers to Chemicals that are added to food only intentionally

A

F

Food Additives are Chemicals that are added to food, either intentionally or unintentionally

73
Q

OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY
—
-Agricultural workers e.g. exposure to _________ and ____

X-ray workers e.g. ________

A

insecticides and pesticides

Electromagnetic radiation

74
Q

Fumigants – chemicals that are capable of killing _______,______, and ______

A

most pests, insects and rodents.

75
Q

Rodenticides
-______

-________

-______

A

Warfarrin

Red Squill

Indocid

76
Q

Rodenticides
-Warfarrin : ______

Red Squill – ______

Indocid – ______

A

Anticoagulant

CNS paralysis

Haemorrhage

77
Q

Mercury- ____,____
Lead- car ______,____
Cadmium-_______

A

water, fish

battery, petroleum

chocolates

78
Q

Lead- ___,____,______

Beryllium- fucks up _______

Chromium- _______ and _______

A

neuro, , nephro, hemat

lungs

renal tubular necrosis and cancer

79
Q

Mercury- ——-,———-

Arsenic - ____,_____,______,______

A

CNS , respiratory

liver, neuro, teratogenic, hypersensit

House Pharmacology (50 decks)

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