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Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology includes the prevention and amelioration of adverse effects

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

_______ is the founder of science of toxicology

A

Paracelsus

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3
Q

Science of toxicology is the ______ and _______ phase

A

observational and data gathering

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4
Q

Art of toxicology is the _______ phase

A

predictive

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5
Q

All substances are poisons

T/F

A

T

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6
Q

_______ differentiates a poison and a remedy

A

Dose

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7
Q

Forensic toxicology- Area of analytical chemistry which deals with ______ aspect of exposure
—

A

medico legal

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8
Q

Biochemical toxicology- Deals with _________ of poison, chemicals or toxic agents

—

A

mechanism of action

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9
Q

Clinical toxicology- Deals with ________

A

toxic drugs

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10
Q

Environmental toxicology- Deals with effects of _________ and _______

A

pollutants (Air and H2O) and environmental toxicants

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11
Q

Occupational toxicology- Deals with the toxicological effect of ____________ on health

A

occupation or work

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12
Q

Systemic toxicology- Deals with effect of toxicants on __________________

A

the blood, body systems and organs

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13
Q

Toxicity- is the ___________ of an agent to __________
—

A

Intrinsic tendency

produce adverse effect

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14
Q

Acute toxicity- Toxic effect of an agent observed within ________ after _______ exposure

A

24 hours

a single

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15
Q

Chronic toxicity- Toxic effect of an agent
observed after a ______ exposure (_______)

A

long term

3-6 months

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16
Q

Carcinogens – Agents that ________ e.g. _________ and ________

A

cause cancer

Genotoxic and non-genotoxic

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17
Q

Mutation – A change in ________ that can be _____________

A

genetic code

inherited or acquired

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18
Q

Teratogens – Agents that ___________

A

cause congenital abnormalities

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19
Q

RISK ASSESSMENT
Process by which scientists _________________

A

evaluate the potential for adverse health

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20
Q

Goals of risk management

Provide risk managers e.g. government, regulatory officers, industry health and safety directors or public health officers-

a) ________ for _______________ in order to protect health and environment

b) Protection against ___________

c) Allow the use of products whose ________________

A

Rational basis ; making decisions about managing the use of chemicals or physical agents

unacceptable risks

benefits outweigh the risks

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21
Q

Process of risk Management
—
Hazard ________
—_________ Assessment —
__________ Assessment
— Risk ___________

A

Identification

Dose- Response

Exposure

Characterization

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22
Q

Chelate is a chemical compound in which _______________________

A

one atom is enclosed within a larger cluster of atoms that surround it like an envelope

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23
Q

Chelate is formed from a _________ plus ______

—
—

A

chelating agent plus a metal ion

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24
Q

CHELATING AGENTS

—
Chelating agents are ( specific or non-specific?) in their affinity for metals

A

non-specific

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25
CHELATING AGENTS — They will mobilize and enhance the _______ of a wide range of metals
excretion
26
— Chelation is the formation of ______ complex in which the ______ is associated with a _________________ referred to as a ligand
metal ion metal ion charged/uncharged electron donor
27
Chelating agents are Mainly used in _____________
metal overdose/toxicities
28
Examples of chelating agents -Dithiocarbamate- This is used in _____, ______,_ and _____ poisoning -Penicillamine- Used in _____ poisoning -Dimercaprol- Used in ____ and ______ poisoning
Nickel, Arsenic and Mercury copper arsenic and mercury
29
Examples of chelating agents Desferoxamine- used in ______ poisoning -EDTA (____ or ____ ) – used in ____ poisoning -_________________ (BAL) -______________________________ (DTPA)
iron Ca2+ or Na+; lead British Antilewisite Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid
30
Metals can be created or destroyed by human T/F
F They can neither be created nor destroyed by human
31
Toxic effects of Arsenic -____toxicity , _____toxicity , ______ity, _______ reaction
Neuro; liver; teratogenic hypersensitivity
32
Arsenic poisoning Neurotoxicity Peripheral or central ?
Both
33
Chelation therapy ____________ of arsenic in the blood
shorten the distribution
34
Chelation reverses damage from delayed effects of acute arsenic poisoning T/F
F does not reverse damage from delayed effects of acute arsenic poisoning
35
Arsenic poisoning liver toxicity leading to _____,_____
Ascities, cirrhosis
36
toxic effects of Arsenic -Used chelating agents are: _______ and ________ -___________ may also be used to reduce absorption
BAL and D-penicillamine Decontamination
37
Toxic effects of Mercury -____ effects and ____ effect
CNS respiratory
38
Toxic effects of Mercury -CNS effects include Ataxia, loss of _________, tremor, increased ______
hearing and vision excitability
39
Toxic effects of Mercury -respiratory effect like ______ and _______
bronchitis, pneumonitis
40
In Mercury toxicity _______ and _______ are used ________ also helps go reduce absorption
BAL and D-penicillamine Decontamination
41
Toxic effects of Lead -_________,_______, and _______ effects
Neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and haematological
42
Toxic effects of Lead -_____,_______,________ are used -Decontamination
EDTA, BAL and D-penicillamine
43
Toxic effects of Cadmium -____ effects - _______ effect , ________ disease -__________
GIT respiratory renal tubular carcinogenicity
44
Toxic effects of Cadmium -________ may be used -Decontamination
DMSA
45
Toxic effects of Berylium -Main effect on ______
lung
46
Toxic effects of Berylium -______itis, pulmonary ________, lung ________, ———— reaction -Decontamination
Pneumon granulomatosis carcinoma hypersensitivity
47
Toxic effects of Chromium -Causes ___________ and ________ -Decontamination may be used
renal tubular necrosis and carcinogenicity
48
Toxic effects of Cyanide -____ effects , anxiety, confusion, ___, salivation, cardiac arythanas, ______ failure and coma
GIT paralysis respiratory
49
Cyanide toxicity -________ and _____ are used -Decontamination
D-penicillamine and BAL
50
Factors Influencing Toxicity of Metals _____ of metals on tissue Concurrent _________________ _________ _________
Concentration exposure with other metals Age Life style
51
Alcohol intake influence absorption of minerals T/F
T
52
Cigarette smoking influence pulmonary effects of metals T/F
T
53
IDEAL CHELATOR _______ soluble Resistant to ____________ Able to reach the _________ Capable of forming _______ Have low affinity for ___________
Water biochemical transformation site of metal stage non-toxic compound essential metals e.g. iron and zinc in enzyme
54
Management Procedure ABCDs Of Poison Treatment A – _________ B – ______ should be assessed C – _______ should be assessed D – ______ (patients that are _________
Air way should be cleared Breathing Circulation Dextose hypoglycemic)
55
Methods to prevent further absorption of poison?
Emesis Gastric lavage Chemical adsorption Chemical inactivation (antidotes) Purgation
56
In emesis Take ipecap syrup to cause ___________ in children and adult Take _________ to cause _______ in children and adult
Irritant effect on the enteric tract and stimulate CTZ Apomorphine; stimulate CTZ
57
Apomorphine shouldn’t be used by _________ patients Why?
respiratory and CNS depressed patient because it is a reparatory depressant
58
Gastric Lavage -involves ___________ and ______ the stomach with _____,______ to remove the unabsorbed poison.
Inserting a tube into the stomach washing water, normal saline
59
Gastric lavage is Reserved for patients who have _______________
ingested a potentially life threatening poison
60
There are ____ gastric and ____ gastric lavage
oral naso
61
Chemical Adsorption -Use ________ -Use __:__ ration of _______ to ____
activated charcoal 10:1 charcoal to drug
62
Actuvated charcoal should be concurrently used with emetic agent and antidote T/F
F Not to be concurrently used with emetic agent and antidote
63
Chemical inactivation (Antidotes) — -Change _____ nature of poison and render it ______
chemical less toxic
64
Purgation -Use _______ -Minimize absorption by ________ -Examples are Sorbitol, Sodium Sulfate, Magnesium sulfate
osmotic cathartic hastening passage of toxicant through GIT
65
Enhance Elimination of Poisons By ————,———- or _______
Biotransformation — Dialysis — Haemodialysis
66
Antidote to formaldehyde poisoning in ______
Ammonia
67
Antidote to mercury ion poisoning in ______
Sodium formaldehyde
68
Antidote to ferric ion poisoning is ______
Sodium bicarbonate
69
Antidote to paracetamol poisoning is ______
Acetylcysteine
70
ADI- __________
Acceptable Daily Intake
71
Air pollutants- substances present in the air ________________.
above the permissible level
72
Food Additives refers to Chemicals that are added to food only intentionally
F Food Additives are Chemicals that are added to food, either intentionally or unintentionally
73
OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY — -Agricultural workers e.g. exposure to _________ and ____ X-ray workers e.g. ________
insecticides and pesticides Electromagnetic radiation
74
Fumigants – chemicals that are capable of killing _______,______, and ______
most pests, insects and rodents.
75
Rodenticides -______ -________ -______
Warfarrin Red Squill Indocid
76
Rodenticides -Warfarrin : ______ Red Squill – ______ Indocid – ______
Anticoagulant CNS paralysis Haemorrhage
77
Mercury- ____,____ Lead- car ______,____ Cadmium-_______
water, fish battery, petroleum chocolates
78
Lead- ___,____,______ Beryllium- fucks up _______ Chromium- _______ and _______
neuro, , nephro, hemat lungs renal tubular necrosis and cancer
79
Mercury- ——-,———- Arsenic - ____,_____,______,______
CNS , respiratory liver, neuro, teratogenic, hypersensit

House Pharmacology (50 decks)

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