OSCE/ OSPE Flashcards
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
Absolute bio= _______ x _______
___________________
________________
AUC.oral x100
___________________
AUC injected
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
Absorption from the gut depends on many factors including:
gastro-intestral ______
gastro-intestral intestinal _____
Particle _____
________________________ with gut cortents
gastro-intestral motility
gastro-intestral intestinal pH
particle size
physicochemical interaction with gut cortents
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
For IV administration, bioavailability is ??
100%
Relative bioavailability
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
___________ Drug
—————————
____________ Drug
AUC Test Drug
—————————
AUC Standard Drug
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
To be bioequivalent, the relative bioavailability of two related must be _______ , that is they must show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve ______________________
+/- 20%
peak blood concentrations
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
Objectives of the Experiment
1. To measure the ___________________ of _____ different brands of _____
Finally we will be able to conclude whether the _____ brands of ______ are ____________.
relative bioavailability
four
ASA
four
Aspirin
bioequivalent.
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Subjects
The subjects will be composed of a random sample of __________________ .
The subjects must not have taken any other drug at least ______ prior to the experiment.
These will also have ________ the night before the experiment and a ______ on the morning of the experiment.
8 - 10 students in the class
One week
an overnight fast
light breakfast
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
The Drug
______ is being used as its metabolites can be easily obtained from the urine.
______ different brands of ASA will be obtained from a pharmacy.
An established brand, such as ________ will be used as the standard drug.
Aspirin
Four
Bayer’s Aspirin
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
METHOD
At ______ time, each subject will be asked to completely _______________ and the urine saved for analysis.
Then each will be given ____ mg of ASA to ingest.
To ensure adequate diuresis, the drug will be given along with ______-______ ml of _____.
Thereafter, urine samples will be collected from the subjects _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ hour intervals and the volume noted.
zero time
empty his/her bladder
600
500 - 1000 ml of water.
0.25h, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 4.0h, 5.0h, 6.0h, 8.0h, 12.0h, 24.0 hour
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
METHOD
This stepwise method will then be used to determine the concentration of ASA in each sample of urine.
Treat a ___ml aliquot with _____________ to precipitate the proteins in it.
_________ it, then treat with _______ reagent (_______ reagent) to give it ______.
Get the ________ reading on the _____________.
Make ______ dilutions (various concentrations) of ______, get the _______ of these dilutions and do a ____________
Read the __________ of your samples from the _______ to get the corresponding ___________.
From this, a graph of ________________ vs. ________ can be plotted which will be used to determine bioavailability.
5ml ; Trichloroacetic acid
Centrifuge ; colour ; Trinders ; colour.
absorbance ; spectrophotometer.
serial ; pure ASA; absorbance ;standard curve.
absorbance ; standard curve ; concentrations.
log concentration vs. time
Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS
From this graph, the area under the curve can be calculated by using the __________
trapezoidal rule.
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
GENERAL PROTOCOL
____ animals for _____-______
_______ animals with _______ at ____th or ___th hr
Administer ________ at ___th or ___th hr
_______ animals at ___th or __th hr and ________________
Open stomach via the __________
Quantify and analyse the ________
Examine (______) for _______
Estimate degree of ulceration(s) (Ulcer index)
Fast ; 12 - 16hrs.
Pretreat ; anti-ulcer agents ; 13 ; 17
ulcerogen ; 14 ; 18
Sacrifice ; 15 ; 19 ; harvest their stomachs
greater curvature
gastric secretions
grossly ; ulcers
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Specific Protocols
Group 1 : ____________
Pretreat 2 animals each with:
________ (___ mg/kg)
________ (___ ug/kg)
_______ _______ (__ml/rat)
_________ (_____ ug/kg)
And
control animals with ________ (____ ml/kg)
Induce ulcer(s) with __ ml of ________
Absolute Ethanol
Cimetidine (100 mg/kg)
misoprostol (50 ug/kg)
magnesium trisillicate (1ml/rat)
omeprazole (200 ug/kg)
distilled water (10 ml/kg)
1 ml of Absolute ethanol.
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Group II: ____ N ____
Pretreat 2 animals each as above and induce ulcer with __ ml of _________
0.6 N HCI
1ml of 0.6 N HCI.
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Questions:
What are the mechanisms of anti-ulcer effects of cimetidine, omeprazole and misoprostol.
Cimetidine: Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist
Omeprazole:Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)
Misoprostol: Prostaglandin Analog
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
What do you understand by cytoprotection?
Cytoprotection refers to the process of ___________ from various __________________, such as toxins, oxidative stress, or physical damage.
protecting cells
harmful factors or injuries
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Percentage protection =
Ulcer index in ________
__________________________
Ulcer index in ________
Ulcer index in test drug
__________________________
Ulcer index in control
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Ulcer index =
______ of _______ ______ of ______
——————— : ————————
______ of ______ ______ of ______
Ulcer index =
area of ulcer Length of ulcer
——————— : ————————
area of stomach Length of stomach
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Dose of cimetidine
Conc of cimetidine
Dose of absolute ethanol
100mg/kg
20mg/ml
1ml
Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents
Ulcerations occur at _____ of stomach
Haemorrhages occur __________ of stomach
Walls
In between walls
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
Materials : subject:
(Young or Adult?)
(Male or Female?)
_______ ________
Adult male albino mice
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
Materials: DRUGS
_____________ (___mg/ml) (__ml/kg)
________ (___mg/ml) (__ml/kg)
unknown A (____mg/ml)
unknown B (_____mg/ml) (plant extracts).
Pentylene tetrazol ; 10 ; 100
diazepam ; 1 ; 10
unknown A (100mg/ml)
unknown B (100mg/ml)
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
Materials!
Animals: ________
Drugs:
______
______ (___mg/ml)
unknown A (____mg/ml), unknown B (_____mg/ml) (plant extracts).
Others: Needles, syringes, oral ______, stop watches, weighing balance.
Adult male albino mice
PTZ
diazepam ; 1
100;100
cannula
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
Procedure: The animals are divided into four groups - I, II, Ill and IV and treated as follows:
GROUP1:
Equal number of mice will receive ________ (___ml/kg, i.p), _______ (___ mg/kg. i.p), _______ (____,______,_____,______ mg/kg, p.o) _______. before ______ (___ mg/kg, i.p)
GROUP II:
________, ________, ________ (____,____,___,_____ mg/kg, p.o )
_____ before _________.
GROUP III:
________, ________ (___ mg/kg, i.p), ________, ________. before ________ (____mg/kg, i.m).
GROUP IV: ________, ________, ________, ____ before ________.
distilled water 2.5ml ; phenobarbitone 20 mg ; unknown A ; 50, 100, 200, 400mg ; 30 mins ; picrotoxin
Distilled water; phenobarbitone ; unknown B ; 50, 100, 200; 30mins; picrotoxin
Distilled water ; diazepam; 2 mg; unknown A ; 30 mins ; strychnine ; 1 mg
Distilled water; diazepam ; unknown B; 30 mins ; strychnine.
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
Any mouse that does not convulse in _______ after ________________ administration is considered protected.
30 mins
PTZ
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the mechanisms of action of the convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs used in this experiment?
Phenobarbital: is a barbiturate. enhances the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.
Diazepam: is a benzodiazepine. enhances the effect of GABA by binding to GABAa receptors
Strychnine: antagonist to the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine in the spinal cord and brainstem.
Pictotoxin: convulsant alkaloid that acts as a non-competitive antagonist of the GABAA receptor chloride ion channel.
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
QUESTIONS:
Explain the terms - fits, seizure, convulsion and epilepsy.
fits” is a less precise term often used informally to describe episodes of abnormal brain activity while “seizure” is the medical term for such episodes.
“Convulsion” refers to the muscle spasms and movements that can occur during some seizures
“epilepsy” is a medical condition characterized by recurrent seizures.
Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs
Dose of distilled water : ____ml/kg
Dose of diazepam: ___ml/kg
The route of administration of each drug was ______
In group 1, _____ was used instead of picrotoxin
In group 4, _____ was used instead of strychnine
10; 10
Oral
Pentylenetetrazol
Pentylenetetrazol
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Animals:
Young or Adult
albino ( rats or mice?)
Animals: adult albino rats
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Drugs: _______,__________,__________ drugs
Acetylsalicylic, ibruprofen , test
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Animals:______________
Drugs: ________ ,_________, __________ drugs
adult albino rats
Acetylsalicylic, ibruprofen, test
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Inflammatory agents: any of these below ( 0.1 ml in normal saline) can be used
___% _____________
___% _________
___mg/ml ______________
___ug/mI ___________
_______% v/v solution of ______
1% carrageenan
4% formalin
1mg/ml histamine
5ug/mI serotonin
0.5% v/v solution of fresh egg white.
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Procedure:
Divide animals into groups and measure the average ____________ of the (left or right?) ________ of each animal is determined (D•), after 3 or 4 measurements.
The test agents are afterwards injected ______ (____) or _____ (____) before injecting the _______ agents.
__________ is measured immediately after _________ injection and subsequently at _________ interval for ______.
The left paw receives the same amount of _______ and serves as the ____________ for each animal.
paw diameter ; right hind paw
intraperitoneally ; 30min
orally ;1hr
phlogistic ; Paw diameter
carrageenan ; 30 min
2hr.; saline
vehicle control
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Percentage inhibition after time t is calculated as:
___________________________ x 100
________________________
(D, D.) control
(D1 D•) control (D1 D•) x 100
________________________
(D, D.) control
Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Plot a graph of ________________ against ______
% inhibition against time
Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve
EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
The isolated ________ ——— preparation will be used.
_________ of _____ sex weighing between _____ and ______g are provided.
guinea-pig ileum
Guinea-pigs of either sex
200 and 300g
Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve
EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
Process:
Stun the animal by a _______________ and bleed it out. Open the ________ , remove the _________ portion of the _______ just above the patch of ______ and clean the lumen with _________ using a ____ml ______.
Cut off a segment _______ long and suspend in the ——ml _____ containing __________ , aerated with oxygen and maintained at ___ C.
By means of a ___________ , attach the _______ end of the muscle to a hook on the ___________ , arranged at the bottom of the organ-bath and attach its upper end by a thread fo a _______ or a ______________.
Adjust the tension on the muscle to _____ weigh and record its movements on a ________ or a (slowly or rapidly?) moving _________
sharp blow on the head ; bleed it out
abdomen ; terminal ; ileum
lymph tissue ; lumen ; Tyrode solution
5.0ml pipette; 3-4cm
50ml organ-bath ; Tyrode solution
35 C.; looped thread
lower ; acrator glass tubing
transducer ; light frontal-writing lever.
0.2g; recorder
slowly moving smoked drum.
Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve
EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
Put on the ________ for ______
Add ____ml of ____ g/ml ___________ and leave to act for _____.
__________ kymograph or recorder and ________________. _____ the bath.
After ______. switch on the kymograph/recorder, allow to run for _____.
Add 0.2ml of 10 g/ml.
Repeat procedures 2 and 3
Add 0.4ml of 10 g/ml.
Repeat procedures 2 and 3
Continue to increase the dose by doubling the concentration until there are constant heights of contraction.
(Higher conc. of ACh-100 g/ml, 1 mg/ml will be provided).
Repeat steps 1-8 for ____ and ________.
kymograph ; 1 minute
0.1 ml of 10 g/ml ; Acetylcholine ;30secs.
Switch off ; wash out the drug. Refill
2mins. ; 30secs.
5-HT and Histamine.
Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve
EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
When you have obtained the maximal contraction, remove the kymograph paper carefully and varnish it. Measure the contractions; plot a graph of _____ (x-axis) against _______ i.e.________ (y-axis).
log-dose
response
height of contraction
Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve
EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
MATERIALS
Animal: ___________
Drugs: ____________
Others : 1 ml syringe, injection needles, marking ink, masking tap restraint.
Mice
sodium thiopentone
Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve
PROCEDURE:
Each group will administer ___________ _____ally using ______ mice for each of the following dosages, ______________________________ mg/kg.
Record the ________ time, ________ and __________ information for each of the mice.
Once mice have recovered the ______ they can be placed in a common recovery case.
Mice will be watched for a maximum of ___________, after this period they will be counted as “______”.
sodium thiopentone
intraperitoneally ; five
10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130 and 150 mg/kg.
sleeping time ; anaesthesia ; mortality
Righting reflex; 240 minutes ; dead
Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve
Consider “anaesthesia” to commence when the mouse ______________.
As soon as it ___________ (return to ________) “anaesthesia” is considered to be terminated.
Sleeping time is defined as the ______________.
Use no external stimuli as criteria of anaesthesia.
__________________ will constitute “death” when it occurs.
will lie quietly on its back
rolls over on its side; righting reflex
duration of “anaesthesia”
Termination of respiration
Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve
Plot graph of _____ (abscissa) against ____________ (ordinate).
And
Plot graph of ______ (abscissa) against _________ (ordinate).
log dose; percent individuals anaesthetized by thiopentone
log dose; percent individuals dead after thiopentone dose
Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve
Therapeutic index=
____/____
LD50/ ED50
SALT SOLUTIONS : USES
Frog solution
Kreb solution
Tyrode solution
Ringer’s solution
De-Jalon
Frog’s heart
Mammalian skeletal muscle
Guinea pig ileum
Nil
Rat Uterus
SALT SOLUTIONS : USES
Frog’s heart
Mammalian skeletal muscle
Guinea pig ileum
Nil
Rat Uterus
Frog solution
Kreb solution
Tyrode solution
Ringer’s solution
De-Jalon
Exp 34: Bioavailability
Materials
______ reagent (______)
___________ acid
___________
Trinders; Ferric acid
Trichloroacetic
Spectrophotometer
Exp 34: Bioavailability
Drugs
_______________ (ASA)
❖ Test drug (____mg)
― ________
― ________
― ________
❖ Standard drug – _________
Acetylsalicylic acid
600; anacin; Empirin
Vasoprin
Bayer’s Aspirin
ANTICONVULSANT ACTIONS OF DRUGS
a. Subjects
▪ ________________
b. Drugs
▪ Anticonvulsant agent
❖ _________ (___mg/ml)
❖ Unknown A
❖ Unknown B
▪ Pro-convulsant agent
❖ __________( ____ mg/ml)
Adult male albino mice
Diazepam;1
PTZ; 10
TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS a. Subjects
▪ ________________
b. Drugs
▪ Anti-Inflammatory agent
❖ _____________
❖ __________
❖ Test drug
▪ Pro-Inflammatory/Phlogisitc agent
❖ ____ % _________
❖ ___ % _________
❖ —-mg/ml _________
❖ ___ug/ml _________
❖ _____% V/V solution of Fresh _________/ _________
Adult albino rats
Acetylsalicylic acid; Ibuprofen
❖ 1 % Carrageenan
❖ 4% Formalin
❖ 1mg/ml Histamine
❖ 5ug/ml Serotonin
❖ 0.5% V/V solution of Fresh egg white/ egg albumin
TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
___________ is the more potent anti-inflammatory agent in this experiment
Acetylsalicylic acid
ANTI-ULCER AGENT
a. Subjects
▪ ____
b.DRUGS
Anti-ulcer agents
❖ __________ (___ug/kg)
❖ __________ (___ug/kg)
❖ __________ (__ml)
❖ __________ (___ug/kg)
▪ Ulcerogen
❖ __________ (____%) __________
Rats
Anti-ulcer agents
❖ Cimetidine (100ug/kg)
❖ Misoprostol (50ug/kg)
❖ Magnesium Trisilicate (1ml)
❖ Omeprazole (200ug/kg)
▪ Ulcerogen
❖ Absolute (100%) Ethanol
IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATURE OF UNKNOWN SUBSTANCES
a. Subjects
▪ Isolated _______________
b. Drugs
▪ Agonist
❖ ________
❖ __________
❖ Unknown drugs A
❖ Unknown drug B
▪ Antagonist
❖ _______
❖ __________
c. Materials
▪ _________ ________
▪ _________/________
Isolated guinea pig ileum
❖ Acetylcholine
❖ Histamine
❖ Atropine
❖ Mepyramine
▪ Tyrode solution
▪ Kymograph/Recorder
Atropine is antagonistic to _________
Mepyramine is antagonistic to ___________
Acetylcholine
Histamine
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
a. Subjects
▪ _____________________
b. Drugs
__________
__________
__________
c. Materials
▪ __________ __________
▪ __________/__________
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
a. Subjects
▪ Isolated guinea pig ileum
b. Drugs
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Histamine
c. Materials
▪ Tyrode solution
▪ Kymograph/Recorder
Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA
Animals: ___________
Drugs :
_______ (____%)
________________
___________________
unknown drugs (____________).
Albino mice
Acetic acid (0.6%)
morphine sulphate
acetylsalicylic acid
unknown drugs (plant extracts).
Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA
Procedure: Randomly divide the animals into groups and treat as follows:
Group I: _________ - ____ml/kg; p.0
Group II:__________ - ____mg/kg; p.o
Group III: _________ ___mg/kg; s.c
Group IV: Unknown 50mg/kg; p.o
Group V: Unknown 100mg/kg; p.o
Group VI: Unknown 200mg/kg; p.o
After _______. inject _______ (10ml/kg) ________ally, to each mouse and note the number of _______ every ______.
interval for ________
Distilled water; 10
Acetylsalicilic acid;100
Morphine; 10
1 hour; acetic acid
Intraperitoneally
writhes; 5mins
30 mins.
Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA
writhes
a syndrome characterized by a ___________ of the _______ musculature, followed by (flexion or extension?) of ______ limbs
wave of contraction
abdominal ; extension
hind
Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA
A ________ in the writhing number, as compared with the control, is considered evident of analgesia.
% Inhibition =
Mean (_______,_______) - Mean (______,______ ) x 100
————————————————-
Mean (_______,________ )
reduction
Mean (writhes, control) - Mean (writhes, drug) x 100
————————————————-
Mean (______,_______)
Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA
Plot a graph of________ vs _________
Plot a graph of %inhibition vs Log Dose
TEST FOR ANALGESIA
a. Subjects
▪ __________
b. Drugs
▪ Drugs with analgesic effect
❖ _________ _________
❖ ______________ acid
❖ Unknown drug / Plant extract
▪ Drugs inducing pain
❖ _________ (_____ )%
▪ Albino mice
❖ Morphine sulphate
❖ Acetylsalicylic acid
❖ Acetic acid (0.5)%
Test for inflammatory agent
Route of administration
Inflammatory : ________
Anti-inflammatory: ______
to the paw directly (sub plantar)
orally
Test for inflammatory agent
In the lab,
We used _______ and _____ for anti
_______ for inflammatory, not _______
Duration of practical was _____, not _______
Measurement of inflammation was_______
Dose for ASA / ibruprofen:
Conc for ASA / ibruprofen:
_______ or _____ is used to measure the circumference of right hand paw
Ibuprofen; ASA
Caragenaan; albumin
2hours; 4 hours
Oedema
100mg
10mg/ml
Vernier Caliper; marked thread
Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity
This experiment demonstrates the method by which the _________________________________ may be determined.
median lethal dose (LDs.) may be letermined.
Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity
Each group will obtain _____, that have ______________ with __________.
The class should use _____ of (same or different?) sex and of approximately (same or different?) weight.
mice , fasted 12 hours
water libitum ; mice ; same sex
same weight.
Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity
Administer ___________ , ________ally ____mg/kg, ____mg/kg, ____mg/kg, ___mg/kg to group of _____ and record the number of death within _____ post injection.
Instructions will be given as to any modification in dose and as to change in number of mice depending on availability.
Hexobarbitone; intraperitoneally
40mg/kg
80mg/kg
160mg/kg
320mg/kg
5 mice ; 2 hours
Exp 38: DETERMINATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY
Subjects: ______
Drugs
• ____________
___ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
___ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
& _____ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
_____ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
Mice
Hexobarbitone
40 ;10
80 ;10
160 ;20
320; 20
Exp 38: DETERMINATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY
LD50 is the Log Dose that leads to ________________ of the population in a group
▪ The (lower or higher?) the LD50 the more toxic the drug
▪ The (lower or higher?) the LD50 the less toxic the drug
death in 50% of the population in a group
The lower
The higher
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
Materials
Animals: _______ of _____ sex
Others: syringes and needles, stop watches, weighing balance, test agents, distilled water, _______
albino mice; either
atropine
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
Procedure:
____ animals for ___-___ hrs. and divide them into groups of _______ each.
Administer the test drugs in ideal doses to each group and distilled water, (10ml/kg) to control group and _______ (____ mg/kg) as the positive control.
_________ thereafter , give ___ml oral ____________ .
_________ later, each animal is killed and the ____________. (I.P) is moved by the __________ from the ________ is cut and measured and expressed as a percentage of the distance, the charcoal meal has moved from the pylorus to the ________.
Fast ; 12 - 18 hrs. ; 5 mice
atropine (0.1mg/kg)
30mins ; 0.2ml ; charcoal meal .
Thirty minutes ; intestinal distance. (I.P)
charcoal meal ; pylorus
caecum.
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
Charcoal meal
_____% _________ charcoal in ____% _________________
3
deactivated
10; aqueous tragacanth
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
Peristaltic index =
__________/_________
Distance moved by the meal
Mean whole length of small intestine
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
________ increases motility in mild scenarios
________ increases motility in severe scenarios
If P.I travels towards O, strong _______
If P.I travels towards 1, _______________
Laxatives; purgatives
Inhibition
Enhancing
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
Route of Administration
Control was given ______
Test drugs were given _______
Carbachol was given ________
Atropine was given _______
Orally
Orally
Sc
Sc
Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests
Dose and concentrations
Test drug A
Test drug B
Dose Of A : 200mg/kg
Conc Of A: 20mg/ml
Dose of B: 400mg/kg
Conc Of B: 40mg/ml
Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock
Drugs:
____________
- _______ 1:1,000 _______
- _______ (___-____ mg/kg)
Animals: _________
Antigen solution
Adrenaline; promethazine
Mepyramine; 50 - 100
Guinea-pigs.
Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock
Method:
- For the control experiment, place weighed ______ (____-_____g) into the ______ cage.
Fill the spraying unit with ________ (___mg/ml) solution and spray into the cage containing the _________.
Time the reaction of guinea-pig to the effect of the antigen i.e. ________,__________ and finally, ______. ________ and _______.
Inject a second guinea-pig with ______ (__-____ mg/kg) and allow the drug to act for
___________. Place the guinea-pig into the Perspex cage and spray it with the antigen solution as in procedure (1). Note the reaction time.
- Repeat procedure (2) in another guinea-pig; but inject ___ml ________ solution (1:1000) ___________ . Note the reactions time.
guinea-pig ; 200-300g
Perspex cage ; antigen ; 50mg/ml) solution ; guinea-pig.
scratching of the face, irritability and finally, shock. Collapse and death.
mepyramine ; 50-100mg/kg
30minutes.
1 ml adrenaline solution (1:1000) subcutaneously.
Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock
PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLAXIS
a. Subjects
▪_________
b. Drugs
▪ Drug preventing anaphylaxis
❖ ________ (1;1000)
❖ ___________ (50-100mg/kg)
❖ ______________
▪ Drug inducing anaphylaxis
Guinea pig
Adrenaline; Mepyramine; Promethazine
Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock
For the other anti histamines, wait _____ before spraying with histamine
For adrenaline , wait _____ before spraying with histamine
If the duration is longer than _____, the anti histamine was effective
Antigen solution is ???
30mins ; 2 mins
10mins
Histamine 50mg/ml
Only experiment to use more than 5mice/rats is??
Anticonvulsant which used 6mice
Anticonvulsant experiment
The foloving are types of seizures seen
Tonic (_________________)
Clonic(___________________)
Myoclonus (____________)
forelimbs will be stretched)
Clonic(fore and hind limbs will be stretched)
Myoclonus (entire body shakes)
Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect
Animal: _____
Drug used: __________
Dose used: ________
Mice
Pentobarbitone
100mg/kg
Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect
IP was used instead of IV because ??
Their veins are too small
Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect
Onset of action: time from when ______________ to the time the animal _____________
the drug is administered
Loses its righting reflex
Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect
Pentobarbitone
A ———— that induces _____ at low dose, and __________ at higher dose
Barbiturate
Sleep(amnesia)
Convulsion or death
Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect
Oral IP IM SC
arrange from fastest to slowest
Ip> Im > Sc> Oral
Exp 3 : Individual Variations in Response To Drugs
Drugs: ____________
Dose: ________
Route : ________
Sodium Hexobarbitone
50mg/kg
Intraperitoneally
Volume of drug administered =
Weight x Dose
_____________
Concentration
Lisinopril
• an _________
• _____ administration
• Prevent ________ breakdown
• Side effects
o ________
o ________
o ________ impairment
o ________ kalaemia
• It is contraindicated in ________
• It can be ________protective
• ACE Inhibitors
• Oral administration
• Prevent Bradykinin breakdown
• Side effects
o Cough
o Tasteabnormalities o Renalimpairment o Hyperkalaemia
• It is contraindicated in pregnancy
• It can be renoprotective
Valsartan
A _____________
• _______ administration
• Side effects
o _______
o _______ impairment
o _______ kalaemia
• It is contraindicated in _______
• Doesn’t lead to _______
Angiotensin receptor blocker
• Oral administration
• Side effects
o Orthostatichypertension o Renalimpairment
o Hyperkalaemia
• It is contraindicated in pregnancy
• Doesn’t lead to cough
Propanolol
A _________________ blocker
• _______ administration
• Side effects
o Broncho _______
o _______ glycaemia
o _______
o Hyper _______
• It is contraindicated in _______
Non-selective Beta blocker
• Oral administration
• Side effects
o Bronchospasm
o Hypoglycaemia
o Erectiledysfunction o Hyperlipidaemia
• It is contraindicated in Asthmatics
Amlodipine
A ________________ blocker
• ______ administration
• Side effects
o Headache
o Dizziness
o Flushing
o ______
• Not indicated for ______
Dihydropyridine Calcium channel
Oral administration
• Side effects
o Headache
o Dizziness
o Flushing
o Orthostatichypotension
• Not indicated for Arrhythmia
Metformin
A __________
• _____ administration
• Insulin __________
• Side effects
o __________
o __________
o __________ deficiency
o Weight __________
• Doesn’t cause __________
Biguanides
• Oral administration
• Insulin sensitizer
• Side effects
o Lacticacidosis
o Metallictase
o VitaminB12deficiency o Weightloss
• Doesn’t cause Hypoglycaemia
Repaglinide
_________
• _______ administration
• Insulin _______
• Block ATP sensitive _______ channels in
the _______ cells
• Side effects
o _______
o Weight _______
o Hepatoxicity
Meglitinides
• Oral administration
• Insulin secretagogues
• Block ATP sensitive K+ channels in
the pancreatic cells
• Side effects
o Hypoglycaemia o Weightgain
o Hepatoxicity
Pioglitazone
____________
• _____ administration
• Insulin _____
• Act on _____ in the nucleus
• Side effects
o Weight _____
o Edema
o Increased risk of _____
• Doesn’t cause _____
Thiazolidinediones
• Oral administration
• Insulin sensitizer
• Act on PPAR-y in the nucleus
• Side effects
o Weightgain o Edema
o Increased risk of bone
fracture
• Doesn’t cause Hypoglycaemia
Glyburide
____________
• ______ administration
• Insulin ______
• Block ATP sensitive ______ channels in
the pancreatic cells
• Duration of action is ______
• Side effects
o ______
o Weight ______
o ______ intolerance
Sulfonylureas
• Oral administration
• Insulin secretagogues
• Block ATP sensitive K+ channels in
the pancreatic cells
• Duration of action is 10 to 24
hours
• Side effects
o Hypoglycaemia
o Weightgain
o Alcoholintolerance
Paracetamol
_____ inhibitor
• __________
• Acts as both ________, ______ and _______
agent
• Antidote is ________
• Side effects
o _______ distress
o _____ toxicity
o ______toxicity
COX inhibitor
• Acetaminophen
• Acts as both an Anti-pyretic,
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory
agent
• Antidote is N-Cysteine
• Side effects
o Gastrointestinaldistress o Hepatoxicity
o Nephrotoxicity
Ibruprofen
_____ inhibitor
• _________ derivatives
• Side effects
o Gastric _______
o _______
o _______
• It is contraindicated in ________
COX inhibitor
• Propionic acid derivatives
• Side effects
o Gastriculcer o Bleeding
o Stroke
• It is contraindicated in peptic ulcers
Aspirin
______ Inhibitor
• _______
• Has _______ effect at low dose
• Has _______ and _______ effect
at moderate dose
• Has _______ effect at high
dose
• Contraindicated in
o _______ inChildren
o _______
o _______
• Side effect
o Bleeding
o _______
o _______ syndrome
COX Inhibitor
• Salicylate
• Has anti-platelet effect at low dose
• Has analgesic and anti-pyretic effect
at moderate dose
• Has anti-inflammatory effect at high
dose
• Contraindicated in
o ViralinfectioninChildren o Gout
o Pepticulcer
• Side effect
o Bleeding
o Ulcer
o Reyessyndrome
