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OSCE/ OSPE Flashcards

1
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

Absolute bio= _______ x _______
___________________
________________

A

AUC.oral x100
___________________
AUC injected

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2
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

Absorption from the gut depends on many factors including:

gastro-intestral ______
gastro-intestral intestinal _____
Particle _____
________________________ with gut cortents

A

gastro-intestral motility
gastro-intestral intestinal pH
particle size
physicochemical interaction with gut cortents

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3
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

For IV administration, bioavailability is ??

A

100%

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4
Q

Relative bioavailability

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

___________ Drug
—————————
____________ Drug

A

AUC Test Drug
—————————
AUC Standard Drug

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5
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

To be bioequivalent, the relative bioavailability of two related must be _______ , that is they must show comparable bioavailability and similar times to achieve ______________________

A

+/- 20%

peak blood concentrations

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6
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

Objectives of the Experiment
1. To measure the ___________________ of _____ different brands of _____

Finally we will be able to conclude whether the _____ brands of ______ are ____________.

A

relative bioavailability

four

ASA

four

Aspirin

bioequivalent.

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7
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Subjects

The subjects will be composed of a random sample of __________________ .

The subjects must not have taken any other drug at least ______ prior to the experiment.

These will also have ________ the night before the experiment and a ______ on the morning of the experiment.

A

8 - 10 students in the class

One week

an overnight fast

light breakfast

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8
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

The Drug

______ is being used as its metabolites can be easily obtained from the urine.

______ different brands of ASA will be obtained from a pharmacy.

An established brand, such as ________ will be used as the standard drug.

A

Aspirin

Four

Bayer’s Aspirin

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9
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

METHOD

At ______ time, each subject will be asked to completely _______________ and the urine saved for analysis.

Then each will be given ____ mg of ASA to ingest.
To ensure adequate diuresis, the drug will be given along with ______-______ ml of _____.

Thereafter, urine samples will be collected from the subjects _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ hour intervals and the volume noted.

A

zero time

empty his/her bladder

600

500 - 1000 ml of water.

0.25h, 0.5h, 1.0h, 2.0h, 3.0h, 4.0h, 5.0h, 6.0h, 8.0h, 12.0h, 24.0 hour

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10
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

METHOD
This stepwise method will then be used to determine the concentration of ASA in each sample of urine.

Treat a ___ml aliquot with _____________ to precipitate the proteins in it.

_________ it, then treat with _______ reagent (_______ reagent) to give it ______.

Get the ________ reading on the _____________.

Make ______ dilutions (various concentrations) of ______, get the _______ of these dilutions and do a ____________

Read the __________ of your samples from the _______ to get the corresponding ___________.

From this, a graph of ________________ vs. ________ can be plotted which will be used to determine bioavailability.

A

5ml ; Trichloroacetic acid

Centrifuge ; colour ; Trinders ; colour.

absorbance ; spectrophotometer.

serial ; pure ASA; absorbance ;standard curve.

absorbance ; standard curve ; concentrations.

log concentration vs. time

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11
Q

Exp:4 BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGS

From this graph, the area under the curve can be calculated by using the __________

A

trapezoidal rule.

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12
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

GENERAL PROTOCOL

____ animals for _____-______

_______ animals with _______ at ____th or ___th hr

Administer ________ at ___th or ___th hr

_______ animals at ___th or __th hr and ________________

Open stomach via the __________

Quantify and analyse the ________

Examine (______) for _______

Estimate degree of ulceration(s) (Ulcer index)

A

Fast ; 12 - 16hrs.

Pretreat ; anti-ulcer agents ; 13 ; 17

ulcerogen ; 14 ; 18

Sacrifice ; 15 ; 19 ; harvest their stomachs

greater curvature

gastric secretions

grossly ; ulcers

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13
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Specific Protocols

Group 1 : ____________

Pretreat 2 animals each with:

________ (___ mg/kg)
________ (___ ug/kg)
_______ _______ (__ml/rat)
_________ (_____ ug/kg)

And
control animals with ________ (____ ml/kg)

Induce ulcer(s) with __ ml of ________

A

Absolute Ethanol

Cimetidine (100 mg/kg)
misoprostol (50 ug/kg)
magnesium trisillicate (1ml/rat)
omeprazole (200 ug/kg)
distilled water (10 ml/kg)

1 ml of Absolute ethanol.

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14
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Group II: ____ N ____

Pretreat 2 animals each as above and induce ulcer with __ ml of _________

A

0.6 N HCI

1ml of 0.6 N HCI.

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15
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Questions:
What are the mechanisms of anti-ulcer effects of cimetidine, omeprazole and misoprostol.

A

Cimetidine: Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist

Omeprazole:Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)

Misoprostol: Prostaglandin Analog

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16
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

What do you understand by cytoprotection?

Cytoprotection refers to the process of ___________ from various __________________, such as toxins, oxidative stress, or physical damage.

A

protecting cells

harmful factors or injuries

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17
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Percentage protection =

Ulcer index in ________
__________________________
Ulcer index in ________

A

Ulcer index in test drug
__________________________
Ulcer index in control

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18
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Ulcer index =

______ of _______ ______ of ______
——————— : ————————
______ of ______ ______ of ______

A

Ulcer index =

area of ulcer Length of ulcer
——————— : ————————
area of stomach Length of stomach

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19
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Dose of cimetidine

Conc of cimetidine

Dose of absolute ethanol

A

100mg/kg

20mg/ml

1ml

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20
Q

Exp 34: Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Agents

Ulcerations occur at _____ of stomach

Haemorrhages occur __________ of stomach

A

Walls

In between walls

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21
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Materials : subject:

(Young or Adult?)
(Male or Female?)

_______ ________

A

Adult male albino mice

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22
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Materials: DRUGS

_____________ (___mg/ml) (__ml/kg)

________ (___mg/ml) (__ml/kg)

unknown A (____mg/ml)
unknown B (_____mg/ml) (plant extracts).

A

Pentylene tetrazol ; 10 ; 100

diazepam ; 1 ; 10

unknown A (100mg/ml)

unknown B (100mg/ml)

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23
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Materials!

Animals: ________

Drugs:

______
______ (___mg/ml)

unknown A (____mg/ml), unknown B (_____mg/ml) (plant extracts).

Others: Needles, syringes, oral ______, stop watches, weighing balance.

A

Adult male albino mice

PTZ
diazepam ; 1

100;100

cannula

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24
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Procedure: The animals are divided into four groups - I, II, Ill and IV and treated as follows:

GROUP1:
Equal number of mice will receive ________ (___ml/kg, i.p), _______ (___ mg/kg. i.p), _______ (____,______,_____,______ mg/kg, p.o) _______. before ______ (___ mg/kg, i.p)

GROUP II:
________, ________, ________ (____,____,___,_____ mg/kg, p.o )
_____ before _________.

GROUP III:
________, ________ (___ mg/kg, i.p), ________, ________. before ________ (____mg/kg, i.m).

GROUP IV: ________, ________, ________, ____ before ________.

A

distilled water 2.5ml ; phenobarbitone 20 mg ; unknown A ; 50, 100, 200, 400mg ; 30 mins ; picrotoxin

Distilled water; phenobarbitone ; unknown B ; 50, 100, 200; 30mins; picrotoxin

Distilled water ; diazepam; 2 mg; unknown A ; 30 mins ; strychnine ; 1 mg

Distilled water; diazepam ; unknown B; 30 mins ; strychnine.

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25
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Any mouse that does not convulse in _______ after ________________ administration is considered protected.

A

30 mins

PTZ

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26
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

QUESTIONS:
1. What are the mechanisms of action of the convulsant and anticonvulsant drugs used in this experiment?

A

Phenobarbital: is a barbiturate. enhances the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain.

Diazepam: is a benzodiazepine. enhances the effect of GABA by binding to GABAa receptors

Strychnine: antagonist to the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine in the spinal cord and brainstem.

Pictotoxin: convulsant alkaloid that acts as a non-competitive antagonist of the GABAA receptor chloride ion channel.

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27
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

QUESTIONS:
Explain the terms - fits, seizure, convulsion and epilepsy.

A

fits” is a less precise term often used informally to describe episodes of abnormal brain activity while “seizure” is the medical term for such episodes.

“Convulsion” refers to the muscle spasms and movements that can occur during some seizures

“epilepsy” is a medical condition characterized by recurrent seizures.

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28
Q

Exp 26: Anticonvulsant action of Drugs

Dose of distilled water : ____ml/kg

Dose of diazepam: ___ml/kg

The route of administration of each drug was ______

In group 1, _____ was used instead of picrotoxin

In group 4, _____ was used instead of strychnine

A

10; 10

Oral

Pentylenetetrazol

Pentylenetetrazol

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29
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Animals:

Young or Adult
albino ( rats or mice?)

A

Animals: adult albino rats

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30
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Drugs: _______,__________,__________ drugs

A

Acetylsalicylic, ibruprofen , test

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31
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Animals:______________
Drugs: ________ ,_________, __________ drugs

A

adult albino rats

Acetylsalicylic, ibruprofen, test

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32
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Inflammatory agents: any of these below ( 0.1 ml in normal saline) can be used

___% _____________

___% _________

___mg/ml ______________

___ug/mI ___________

_______% v/v solution of ______

A

1% carrageenan

4% formalin

1mg/ml histamine

5ug/mI serotonin

0.5% v/v solution of fresh egg white.

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33
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Procedure:

Divide animals into groups and measure the average ____________ of the (left or right?) ________ of each animal is determined (D•), after 3 or 4 measurements.

The test agents are afterwards injected ______ (____) or _____ (____) before injecting the _______ agents.

__________ is measured immediately after _________ injection and subsequently at _________ interval for ______.

The left paw receives the same amount of _______ and serves as the ____________ for each animal.

A

paw diameter ; right hind paw

intraperitoneally ; 30min

orally ;1hr

phlogistic ; Paw diameter

carrageenan ; 30 min

2hr.; saline

vehicle control

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34
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Percentage inhibition after time t is calculated as:

___________________________ x 100
________________________
(D, D.) control

A

(D1 D•) control (D1 D•) x 100
________________________
(D, D.) control

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35
Q

Exp 40: TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Plot a graph of ________________ against ______

A

% inhibition against time

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36
Q

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve

EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

The isolated ________ ——— preparation will be used.

_________ of _____ sex weighing between _____ and ______g are provided.

A

guinea-pig ileum

Guinea-pigs of either sex

200 and 300g

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37
Q

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve

EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE
Process:

Stun the animal by a _______________ and bleed it out. Open the ________ , remove the _________ portion of the _______ just above the patch of ______ and clean the lumen with _________ using a ____ml ______.

Cut off a segment _______ long and suspend in the ——ml _____ containing __________ , aerated with oxygen and maintained at ___ C.

By means of a ___________ , attach the _______ end of the muscle to a hook on the ___________ , arranged at the bottom of the organ-bath and attach its upper end by a thread fo a _______ or a ______________.

Adjust the tension on the muscle to _____ weigh and record its movements on a ________ or a (slowly or rapidly?) moving _________

A

sharp blow on the head ; bleed it out

abdomen ; terminal ; ileum

lymph tissue ; lumen ; Tyrode solution

5.0ml pipette; 3-4cm

50ml organ-bath ; Tyrode solution

35 C.; looped thread

lower ; acrator glass tubing

transducer ; light frontal-writing lever.

0.2g; recorder

slowly moving smoked drum.

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38
Q

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve

EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

Put on the ________ for ______

Add ____ml of ____ g/ml ___________ and leave to act for _____.

__________ kymograph or recorder and ________________. _____ the bath.

After ______. switch on the kymograph/recorder, allow to run for _____.

Add 0.2ml of 10 g/ml.
Repeat procedures 2 and 3
Add 0.4ml of 10 g/ml.
Repeat procedures 2 and 3

Continue to increase the dose by doubling the concentration until there are constant heights of contraction.

(Higher conc. of ACh-100 g/ml, 1 mg/ml will be provided).
Repeat steps 1-8 for ____ and ________.

A

kymograph ; 1 minute

0.1 ml of 10 g/ml ; Acetylcholine ;30secs.

Switch off ; wash out the drug. Refill

2mins. ; 30secs.

5-HT and Histamine.

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39
Q

Exp 1A : Dose-Response curve

EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

When you have obtained the maximal contraction, remove the kymograph paper carefully and varnish it. Measure the contractions; plot a graph of _____ (x-axis) against _______ i.e.________ (y-axis).

A

log-dose

response

height of contraction

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40
Q

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve

EXPERIMENT 1A
DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

MATERIALS
Animal: ___________

Drugs: ____________

Others : 1 ml syringe, injection needles, marking ink, masking tap restraint.

A

Mice

sodium thiopentone

41
Q

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve

PROCEDURE:
Each group will administer ___________ _____ally using ______ mice for each of the following dosages, ______________________________ mg/kg.

Record the ________ time, ________ and __________ information for each of the mice.

Once mice have recovered the ______ they can be placed in a common recovery case.
Mice will be watched for a maximum of ___________, after this period they will be counted as “______”.

A

sodium thiopentone

intraperitoneally ; five

10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130 and 150 mg/kg.

sleeping time ; anaesthesia ; mortality

Righting reflex; 240 minutes ; dead

42
Q

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve

Consider “anaesthesia” to commence when the mouse ______________.

As soon as it ___________ (return to ________) “anaesthesia” is considered to be terminated.

Sleeping time is defined as the ______________.

Use no external stimuli as criteria of anaesthesia.

__________________ will constitute “death” when it occurs.

A

will lie quietly on its back

rolls over on its side; righting reflex

duration of “anaesthesia”

Termination of respiration

43
Q

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve

Plot graph of _____ (abscissa) against ____________ (ordinate).
And

Plot graph of ______ (abscissa) against _________ (ordinate).

A

log dose; percent individuals anaesthetized by thiopentone

log dose; percent individuals dead after thiopentone dose

44
Q

Exp 1B: Dose-Response curve

Therapeutic index=

____/____

A

LD50/ ED50

45
Q

SALT SOLUTIONS : USES

Frog solution

Kreb solution

Tyrode solution

Ringer’s solution

De-Jalon

A

Frog’s heart

Mammalian skeletal muscle

Guinea pig ileum

Nil

Rat Uterus

46
Q

SALT SOLUTIONS : USES

                                       Frog’s heart

                     Mammalian skeletal muscle

                                    Guinea pig ileum

                                              Nil

                                          Rat Uterus
A

Frog solution

Kreb solution

Tyrode solution

Ringer’s solution

De-Jalon

47
Q

Exp 34: Bioavailability

Materials

______ reagent (______)

___________ acid

___________

A

Trinders; Ferric acid

Trichloroacetic

Spectrophotometer

48
Q

Exp 34: Bioavailability

Drugs

_______________ (ASA)

❖ Test drug (____mg)
― ________
― ________
― ________

❖ Standard drug – _________

A

Acetylsalicylic acid

600; anacin; Empirin

Vasoprin

Bayer’s Aspirin

49
Q

ANTICONVULSANT ACTIONS OF DRUGS

a. Subjects
▪ ________________

b. Drugs
▪ Anticonvulsant agent
❖ _________ (___mg/ml)
❖ Unknown A
❖ Unknown B

▪ Pro-convulsant agent
❖ __________( ____ mg/ml)

A

Adult male albino mice

Diazepam;1

PTZ; 10

50
Q

TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS a. Subjects
▪ ________________

b. Drugs
▪ Anti-Inflammatory agent
❖ _____________
❖ __________
❖ Test drug

▪ Pro-Inflammatory/Phlogisitc agent
❖ ____ % _________
❖ ___ % _________
❖ —-mg/ml _________
❖ ___ug/ml _________
❖ _____% V/V solution of Fresh _________/ _________

A

Adult albino rats

Acetylsalicylic acid; Ibuprofen

❖ 1 % Carrageenan
❖ 4% Formalin
❖ 1mg/ml Histamine
❖ 5ug/ml Serotonin
❖ 0.5% V/V solution of Fresh egg white/ egg albumin

51
Q

TEST FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

___________ is the more potent anti-inflammatory agent in this experiment

A

Acetylsalicylic acid

52
Q

ANTI-ULCER AGENT
a. Subjects
▪ ____

b.DRUGS
Anti-ulcer agents
❖ __________ (___ug/kg)
❖ __________ (___ug/kg)
❖ __________ (__ml)
❖ __________ (___ug/kg)

▪ Ulcerogen
❖ __________ (____%) __________

A

Rats

Anti-ulcer agents
❖ Cimetidine (100ug/kg)
❖ Misoprostol (50ug/kg)
❖ Magnesium Trisilicate (1ml)
❖ Omeprazole (200ug/kg)

▪ Ulcerogen
❖ Absolute (100%) Ethanol

53
Q

IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATURE OF UNKNOWN SUBSTANCES
a. Subjects
▪ Isolated _______________

b. Drugs
▪ Agonist
❖ ________
❖ __________
❖ Unknown drugs A
❖ Unknown drug B

▪ Antagonist
❖ _______
❖ __________

c. Materials
▪ _________ ________
▪ _________/________

A

Isolated guinea pig ileum

❖ Acetylcholine
❖ Histamine

❖ Atropine
❖ Mepyramine

▪ Tyrode solution
▪ Kymograph/Recorder

54
Q

Atropine is antagonistic to _________

Mepyramine is antagonistic to ___________

A

Acetylcholine

Histamine

55
Q

DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

a. Subjects
▪ _____________________

b. Drugs
__________
__________
__________

c. Materials
▪ __________ __________
▪ __________/__________

A

DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

a. Subjects
▪ Isolated guinea pig ileum

b. Drugs
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Histamine

c. Materials
▪ Tyrode solution
▪ Kymograph/Recorder

56
Q

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA

Animals: ___________

Drugs :
_______ (____%)
________________
___________________
unknown drugs (____________).

A

Albino mice

Acetic acid (0.6%)
morphine sulphate
acetylsalicylic acid
unknown drugs (plant extracts).

57
Q

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA

Procedure: Randomly divide the animals into groups and treat as follows:

Group I: _________ - ____ml/kg; p.0
Group II:__________ - ____mg/kg; p.o
Group III: _________ ___mg/kg; s.c
Group IV: Unknown 50mg/kg; p.o
Group V: Unknown 100mg/kg; p.o
Group VI: Unknown 200mg/kg; p.o

After _______. inject _______ (10ml/kg) ________ally, to each mouse and note the number of _______ every ______.

interval for ________

A

Distilled water; 10
Acetylsalicilic acid;100
Morphine; 10

1 hour; acetic acid

Intraperitoneally

writhes; 5mins

30 mins.

58
Q

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA

writhes

a syndrome characterized by a ___________ of the _______ musculature, followed by (flexion or extension?) of ______ limbs

A

wave of contraction

abdominal ; extension

hind

59
Q

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA

A ________ in the writhing number, as compared with the control, is considered evident of analgesia.

% Inhibition =
Mean (_______,_______) - Mean (______,______ ) x 100
————————————————-
Mean (_______,________ )

A

reduction

Mean (writhes, control) - Mean (writhes, drug) x 100
————————————————-
Mean (______,_______)

60
Q

Exp 20: TEST FOR ANALGESIA

Plot a graph of________ vs _________

A

Plot a graph of %inhibition vs Log Dose

61
Q

TEST FOR ANALGESIA
a. Subjects
▪ __________

b. Drugs
▪ Drugs with analgesic effect
❖ _________ _________
❖ ______________ acid
❖ Unknown drug / Plant extract

▪ Drugs inducing pain
❖ _________ (_____ )%

A

▪ Albino mice

❖ Morphine sulphate
❖ Acetylsalicylic acid

❖ Acetic acid (0.5)%

62
Q

Test for inflammatory agent

Route of administration

Inflammatory : ________

Anti-inflammatory: ______

A

to the paw directly (sub plantar)

orally

63
Q

Test for inflammatory agent

In the lab,

We used _______ and _____ for anti

_______ for inflammatory, not _______

Duration of practical was _____, not _______

Measurement of inflammation was_______

Dose for ASA / ibruprofen:

Conc for ASA / ibruprofen:

_______ or _____ is used to measure the circumference of right hand paw

A

Ibuprofen; ASA

Caragenaan; albumin

2hours; 4 hours

Oedema

100mg
10mg/ml
Vernier Caliper; marked thread

64
Q

Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity

This experiment demonstrates the method by which the _________________________________ may be determined.

A

median lethal dose (LDs.) may be letermined.

65
Q

Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity

Each group will obtain _____, that have ______________ with __________.
The class should use _____ of (same or different?) sex and of approximately (same or different?) weight.

A

mice , fasted 12 hours

water libitum ; mice ; same sex

same weight.

66
Q

Exp 38: determination of acute toxicity

Administer ___________ , ________ally ____mg/kg, ____mg/kg, ____mg/kg, ___mg/kg to group of _____ and record the number of death within _____ post injection.

Instructions will be given as to any modification in dose and as to change in number of mice depending on availability.

A

Hexobarbitone; intraperitoneally

40mg/kg
80mg/kg
160mg/kg
320mg/kg

5 mice ; 2 hours

67
Q

Exp 38: DETERMINATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY

Subjects: ______

Drugs
• ____________

___ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
___ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
& _____ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml
_____ mg/kg ; ___ mg/ml

A

Mice

Hexobarbitone

40 ;10
80 ;10
160 ;20
320; 20

68
Q

Exp 38: DETERMINATION OF ACUTE TOXICITY

LD50 is the Log Dose that leads to ________________ of the population in a group

▪ The (lower or higher?) the LD50 the more toxic the drug
▪ The (lower or higher?) the LD50 the less toxic the drug

A

death in 50% of the population in a group

The lower

The higher

69
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

Materials

Animals: _______ of _____ sex

Others: syringes and needles, stop watches, weighing balance, test agents, distilled water, _______

A

albino mice; either

atropine

70
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

Procedure:
____ animals for ___-___ hrs. and divide them into groups of _______ each.

Administer the test drugs in ideal doses to each group and distilled water, (10ml/kg) to control group and _______ (____ mg/kg) as the positive control.

_________ thereafter , give ___ml oral ____________ .

_________ later, each animal is killed and the ____________. (I.P) is moved by the __________ from the ________ is cut and measured and expressed as a percentage of the distance, the charcoal meal has moved from the pylorus to the ________.

A

Fast ; 12 - 18 hrs. ; 5 mice

atropine (0.1mg/kg)

30mins ; 0.2ml ; charcoal meal .

Thirty minutes ; intestinal distance. (I.P)

charcoal meal ; pylorus

caecum.

71
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

Charcoal meal

_____% _________ charcoal in ____% _________________

A

3

deactivated

10; aqueous tragacanth

72
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

Peristaltic index =

__________/_________

A

Distance moved by the meal

Mean whole length of small intestine

73
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

________ increases motility in mild scenarios

________ increases motility in severe scenarios

If P.I travels towards O, strong _______

If P.I travels towards 1, _______________

A

Laxatives; purgatives

Inhibition

Enhancing

74
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

Route of Administration

Control was given ______

Test drugs were given _______

Carbachol was given ________

Atropine was given _______

A

Orally

Orally

Sc

Sc

75
Q

Exp 35: Gastrointestinal Motility Tests

Dose and concentrations

Test drug A

Test drug B

A

Dose Of A : 200mg/kg
Conc Of A: 20mg/ml

Dose of B: 400mg/kg
Conc Of B: 40mg/ml

76
Q

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock

Drugs:
____________
- _______ 1:1,000 _______
- _______ (___-____ mg/kg)

Animals: _________

A

Antigen solution

Adrenaline; promethazine

Mepyramine; 50 - 100

Guinea-pigs.

77
Q

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock

Method:

  1. For the control experiment, place weighed ______ (____-_____g) into the ______ cage.
    Fill the spraying unit with ________ (___mg/ml) solution and spray into the cage containing the _________.

Time the reaction of guinea-pig to the effect of the antigen i.e. ________,__________ and finally, ______. ________ and _______.

Inject a second guinea-pig with ______ (__-____ mg/kg) and allow the drug to act for
___________. Place the guinea-pig into the Perspex cage and spray it with the antigen solution as in procedure (1). Note the reaction time.

  1. Repeat procedure (2) in another guinea-pig; but inject ___ml ________ solution (1:1000) ___________ . Note the reactions time.
A

guinea-pig ; 200-300g

Perspex cage ; antigen ; 50mg/ml) solution ; guinea-pig.

scratching of the face, irritability and finally, shock. Collapse and death.

mepyramine ; 50-100mg/kg

30minutes.

1 ml adrenaline solution (1:1000) subcutaneously.

78
Q

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock

PROTECTION AGAINST ANAPHYLAXIS

a. Subjects
▪_________

b. Drugs
▪ Drug preventing anaphylaxis
❖ ________ (1;1000)
❖ ___________ (50-100mg/kg)
❖ ______________

▪ Drug inducing anaphylaxis

A

Guinea pig

Adrenaline; Mepyramine; Promethazine

79
Q

Exp 27: protection against anaphylactic shock

For the other anti histamines, wait _____ before spraying with histamine

For adrenaline , wait _____ before spraying with histamine

If the duration is longer than _____, the anti histamine was effective

Antigen solution is ???

A

30mins ; 2 mins

10mins

Histamine 50mg/ml

80
Q

Only experiment to use more than 5mice/rats is??

A

Anticonvulsant which used 6mice

81
Q

Anticonvulsant experiment

The foloving are types of seizures seen

Tonic (_________________)
Clonic(___________________)
Myoclonus (____________)

A

forelimbs will be stretched)
Clonic(fore and hind limbs will be stretched)
Myoclonus (entire body shakes)

82
Q

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect

Animal: _____

Drug used: __________

Dose used: ________

A

Mice

Pentobarbitone

100mg/kg

83
Q

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect

IP was used instead of IV because ??

A

Their veins are too small

84
Q

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect

Onset of action: time from when ______________ to the time the animal _____________

A

the drug is administered

Loses its righting reflex

85
Q

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect

Pentobarbitone

A ———— that induces _____ at low dose, and __________ at higher dose

A

Barbiturate

Sleep(amnesia)

Convulsion or death

86
Q

Experiment 5:Effects of Route of Administration on Drug effect

Oral IP IM SC

arrange from fastest to slowest

A

Ip> Im > Sc> Oral

87
Q

Exp 3 : Individual Variations in Response To Drugs

Drugs: ____________

Dose: ________

Route : ________

A

Sodium Hexobarbitone

50mg/kg

Intraperitoneally

88
Q

Volume of drug administered =

A

Weight x Dose

_____________

Concentration

89
Q

Lisinopril

• an _________
• _____ administration
• Prevent ________ breakdown

• Side effects
o ________
o ________
o ________ impairment
o ________ kalaemia
• It is contraindicated in ________
• It can be ________protective

A

• ACE Inhibitors
• Oral administration
• Prevent Bradykinin breakdown
• Side effects
o Cough
o Tasteabnormalities o Renalimpairment o Hyperkalaemia
• It is contraindicated in pregnancy
• It can be renoprotective

90
Q

Valsartan

A _____________
• _______ administration

• Side effects
o _______
o _______ impairment
o _______ kalaemia
• It is contraindicated in _______
• Doesn’t lead to _______

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker
• Oral administration
• Side effects
o Orthostatichypertension o Renalimpairment
o Hyperkalaemia
• It is contraindicated in pregnancy
• Doesn’t lead to cough

91
Q

Propanolol

A _________________ blocker
• _______ administration

• Side effects
o Broncho _______
o _______ glycaemia
o _______
o Hyper _______
• It is contraindicated in _______

A

Non-selective Beta blocker
• Oral administration
• Side effects
o Bronchospasm
o Hypoglycaemia
o Erectiledysfunction o Hyperlipidaemia
• It is contraindicated in Asthmatics

92
Q

Amlodipine

A ________________ blocker
• ______ administration
• Side effects
o Headache
o Dizziness
o Flushing
o ______
• Not indicated for ______

A

Dihydropyridine Calcium channel

Oral administration
• Side effects
o Headache
o Dizziness
o Flushing
o Orthostatichypotension
• Not indicated for Arrhythmia

93
Q

Metformin

A __________
• _____ administration
• Insulin __________

• Side effects
o __________
o __________
o __________ deficiency
o Weight __________
• Doesn’t cause __________

A

Biguanides
• Oral administration
• Insulin sensitizer
• Side effects
o Lacticacidosis
o Metallictase
o VitaminB12deficiency o Weightloss
• Doesn’t cause Hypoglycaemia

94
Q

Repaglinide

_________
• _______ administration
• Insulin _______
• Block ATP sensitive _______ channels in
the _______ cells

• Side effects
o _______
o Weight _______
o Hepatoxicity

A

Meglitinides
• Oral administration
• Insulin secretagogues
• Block ATP sensitive K+ channels in
the pancreatic cells
• Side effects
o Hypoglycaemia o Weightgain
o Hepatoxicity

95
Q

Pioglitazone

____________
• _____ administration
• Insulin _____
• Act on _____ in the nucleus

• Side effects
o Weight _____
o Edema
o Increased risk of _____
• Doesn’t cause _____

A

Thiazolidinediones
• Oral administration
• Insulin sensitizer
• Act on PPAR-y in the nucleus
• Side effects
o Weightgain o Edema
o Increased risk of bone
fracture
• Doesn’t cause Hypoglycaemia

96
Q

Glyburide

____________
• ______ administration
• Insulin ______
• Block ATP sensitive ______ channels in
the pancreatic cells
• Duration of action is ______

• Side effects
o ______
o Weight ______
o ______ intolerance

A

Sulfonylureas
• Oral administration
• Insulin secretagogues
• Block ATP sensitive K+ channels in
the pancreatic cells
• Duration of action is 10 to 24
hours
• Side effects
o Hypoglycaemia
o Weightgain
o Alcoholintolerance

97
Q

Paracetamol

_____ inhibitor
• __________
• Acts as both ________, ______ and _______
agent
• Antidote is ________

• Side effects
o _______ distress
o _____ toxicity
o ______toxicity

A

COX inhibitor
• Acetaminophen
• Acts as both an Anti-pyretic,
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory
agent
• Antidote is N-Cysteine
• Side effects
o Gastrointestinaldistress o Hepatoxicity
o Nephrotoxicity

98
Q

Ibruprofen

_____ inhibitor
• _________ derivatives

• Side effects
o Gastric _______
o _______
o _______
• It is contraindicated in ________

A

COX inhibitor
• Propionic acid derivatives
• Side effects
o Gastriculcer o Bleeding
o Stroke
• It is contraindicated in peptic ulcers

99
Q

Aspirin

______ Inhibitor
• _______
• Has _______ effect at low dose
• Has _______ and _______ effect
at moderate dose
• Has _______ effect at high
dose
• Contraindicated in
o _______ inChildren
o _______
o _______

• Side effect
o Bleeding
o _______
o _______ syndrome

A

COX Inhibitor
• Salicylate
• Has anti-platelet effect at low dose
• Has analgesic and anti-pyretic effect
at moderate dose
• Has anti-inflammatory effect at high
dose
• Contraindicated in
o ViralinfectioninChildren o Gout
o Pepticulcer
• Side effect
o Bleeding
o Ulcer
o Reyessyndrome

House Pharmacology (50 decks)

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