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Reproduction > Viruses Of The Pregnant Genital Tract > Flashcards

Viruses Of The Pregnant Genital Tract Flashcards

0
Q

WHat are the 4 mechanisms of reproductive failure caused by viral infection? Egs. of specific viruses?

A
  1. replication in foetus -> malformation and death eg. Shmallenburg, BVDV
  2. damage to placental blood vessels eg. PRRS, arteritis
  3. Sttress and pyrexia eg. Bluetongue, swine flu
  4. Combination of the above
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1
Q

Give potential horiozontal and vertical routees of transmission of viruses

A

> horizontal
- venereal
- spread to gential tract from other sites, esp. respiratory, haemotogenous or ascending
vertical
- transfer to offspring via haematogenous (placenta)
- ascending (genital tract)
- milk

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2
Q

How may virus be shed by carrier animals?

A
  • semen eg. EVA
  • respiratory secretions eg. herpes
  • faeces eg. BVD
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3
Q

What must be remembered about shedding by carrier animaals

A

May be intermittent

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4
Q

What do the 3 main equine herpes viruses cause?

A
  • EHV1: abortions, repiratory disease, paralysis
  • EHV3: coital exanthema, genital pustules but NOT Abortion
  • EHV4: respiratory disease, rarely isolatied abortions
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5
Q

Is EAV notifiable?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Which EHV is most prevalent in the UK herd?

A

EHV 1 - 90% crriers

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7
Q

Clinical sings of EHV1?

A
  • Abortion last 3rd of pregnancy
  • lung oedema
  • multifocal necrosis of the liver, lungs and spleen
  • abortion accompanies/shortly after ofetal death (fresh foetus)
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8
Q

HOw may EHV1 be diagnosed?

A
  • PM fetus and placenta
  • PCR or virus isolation (rare nowadays)
  • microscopy (look for necrosis and viral inclusion bodies etc.)
  • EHV1 immunostaining
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9
Q

How may EHV1 be prevented?

A

Isolate mares in last trimester, ^ biosecuiryt

- Vaccinate all horses (combination vax EHV1 and EHV4)

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10
Q

HOw should EHV be controlled once diagnosed?

A
  • abortion: isolate affected mare
  • collect foetus and placenta for Ag testing
  • paired serum samples from mare (test rising AB titre) interpretation difficult as could be recrudescence due to stress of abortion or cause of abortion
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11
Q

What causes EVA?

A

Equine arteritis virus, an arterivirus

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12
Q

What condidiont is EVA similar to in pigs?

A

PRRS

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13
Q

How does EVA infect the horse?

A

Respiratory tract or semen

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14
Q

Pathogenesis of EVA?

A

EAV infects macropphages and endothelia cells and casues arteritis

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15
Q

Clinical signs of EAV abortion?

A
  • variable in mare
  • fever
  • depression
  • conjunctivitis (piink eye)
  • abortion
  • oedema in legs
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16
Q

How may dx of EVA be determined?

A
  • PM foetus and placenta to detect virus

- virus neutralising Ab levels in mare high at abortion or rising between paired post abortion tutires (seroconversion)

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17
Q

What state may stallions infected with EAV enter? How may this cause problems with diagnosis?

A

Carrrier state - persistnently infected -> shedding of virus in semen without clinical signs

  • can shed intermittently
  • persists in accessory glands
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18
Q

When should EAV be suspected ?

A

Travel history

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19
Q

Can EAV persist in the mare?

A

No, once infected = immunity for life and clean

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20
Q

WHen is EVA notifiable?

A
  • clinical signs in a stallion
  • evidence of EAV infection by semen or blood testing
  • clinical signs/lab results indicate EVA in a mare mated/AI within 14d
    > used to track down stallion
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21
Q

How is EAV diagnosed?

A
  • aborted foetus or semen samples

- virus isoltion or PCR

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22
Q

Control of EVA?

A
  • movement restrcition
  • vaccinate stallions
  • ensure antibody negative before vaccination *
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23
Q

WHat type of virus is BVDV?

A
  • Pestivirus (flaviviridae family)
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24
Q

How is BVDV shed?

A
  • respiratory secretions and feaces

- also via semen in AI

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25
Q

WHere does BVDV replicate? How does it affect the foetus?

A

Respiratory and enteric tract

- haemoatogenous spread to foetus via placenta

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26
Q

WHat is the equivalent of BVDV in sheep?

A

Border disease virus -> hairy shaker lambs (=PI claves)

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27
Q

WHen can BVDV infect the calf and how does this affect the outcome of disease?

A

> infection first trimester ( infection second trimester (111-190d)
- aboriton/mummification
- PI possilbe until d140
- congenital deformities esp d125-175 (neuro cerebellar hypoplasia)
infection third trimester >d191
- occasional abortions/stillbirths/weak calves
- predominantly normal calves

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28
Q

How can BVD abortion be dx?

A
  • PM examination on aborted foetus iwth PCR of lymphoid tissue (thymus/spleen)
  • Histopath with immunohistochemistry esp. brain tissue
  • Foetal serology on free foetal fluids (indicate exposure)
  • Maternal serology can be difficult to interpret
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29
Q

Is bluetongue notifiable?

A

Yes

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30
Q

Is BVDV notifiable?

A

No, endemic in the UK

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31
Q

How is BVDV prevented/controlled?

A
  • vax dams before pregnancy
  • ID and remove PI calved (ag test, followed by 2nd ag or ab test)
    > poorly in UK compared to other european countries with eradication prgrammes!
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32
Q

WHat does BHV1 cause?

A
  • IBR
  • IPV (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) and IBP (infectious balanoposthitis) = equivalent to EHV3 coital exanthema in horses
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33
Q

Which aniamls are commonly affected by IPV/IBP?

A

heifers / young animals

- self limiting disease

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34
Q

Clinical signs of BHV1 infection?

A
  • painful gneital pustules
  • swelling
  • PU
  • aboriton following respiratory infection
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35
Q

How may BHV1 be spread?

A
  • venereal, contact, aerosol
36
Q

When do BHV-1 abortions gneerally occour? FIndings at PM for dx?

A
  • following respiratory infections
  • may be weeeks after infection of dam
  • usually 4-8months gestation
    > PM
  • foetal liver and lungs necrosis
  • extensive autolysis
37
Q

Is abortion due to BHV1 common in UK?

A

NO but common in US and Australia

- different strains with v tropism for repro tract?

38
Q

Prevention and control of BHV1?

A
  • isolate and test new stock to prevent spread
  • Dx: immunofluorescence/immuno-peroxidase on foetal tissues (eg. FAT liver tissue)
  • serology diffficult to interpret (recrudescence=cuase/effect?)
  • Control: vax v severity and duration clinical signs (DIVA vax best)
  • eradication prorammes insome EU countries
39
Q

What type of virus in SHmallenburg? how is it spread?

A
  • orthobunyavirus (similar to Akabane virus)
  • an arbovirus
  • spread by midges
40
Q

What type of disease is shmallenburg?

A

Neurological!!

  • lack of mm innervation -> limb deformitiy
  • viras has NEURO tropism
41
Q

WHen are dams infected with shmallenburg?

A

early pregnancy

42
Q

Common findings in shmallenburg foetuses/neonates?

A
  • Arthrogryposis

- Hydrancephaly, cerebellar/cerebral hypoplasia

43
Q

Dx of shmallenburg?

A
  • PCR brain tissue
  • histopath
  • foetal serology
  • maternal serology for indication
44
Q

What type of virus is bluetongue?

A
  • Orbivirus

- an arbovirus like shmallenburg (Spread by culicoides midges)

45
Q

How does bluetongue cause abortion?

A
  • pyrexia of dam

- congential defects due to teratogenic effect (hydrancephaly)

46
Q

What family of viruses causes PRRS?

A

Arteriviridae

47
Q

How is PRRS spread?

A
  • resp tract via aerosol

- genital tract via infected semen

48
Q

Clinical signs of PRRS?

A
  • respiratory diseasse
  • oedema
  • subclinical (less virulent strains may be unnoticeable)
  • “blue ear disease” due to congestion
  • immunosuppression
  • late abortions/mummification/premature piglets (arteritis of umbilical vessels and foetus)
49
Q

How severe is PRRS disease generally in UK?

A

Mild as it is endemic

50
Q

How is PRRS dx in abortions?

A

PCR Lymphoid tissue (thymus, spleen)

51
Q

WHat is PC2 and what are its effects?

A

Porcine circovirus - no link with abortion in UK but predisposees other diseases

52
Q

How may PRRS outbreaks be controlled?

A

All in all out policy
- quarantine new stock
- separate pregnant sows from rest of herd
- avoid trassnfer of fomites
- screening of semen for AI (PCR)
- vax reduces clinical signs with inactivated vax
-

53
Q

Why is control of PRRS difficult?

A

Rapid mutation rate -> many genetic and antigenic variants

- diagnosis and control by vaccine difficult

54
Q

Give 2 notifiable porcine diseases

A
  • Suid herpesvirus (Aujeskys)

- swine fevers

55
Q

What does porcine parvovirus cause?

A
  • NOT abortion!!

- SMEDI

56
Q

How is porcine parvovirus transmitted?

A

foecal oral

57
Q

Where does porcine parvovirus replicate?

A

GIT with NO clinical signs in pigs

58
Q

WHy is the foetus often affected by porcine parvovirus?

A

Rapidly dividing cellls

59
Q

What does infection at different stages of pregnancy by porcine parvovirus cause?

A
  • early embreyonic death ( resorption (infertility)
  • infection at later stages -> mummification or stilbirth
  • infection >70d foetal death less frequent due to immune response
60
Q

Diagnosis of Parvovirus porcine?

A
  • PCR liver or heart tissue if CRL (crown rump length) <70d (ie. not immunocompetent)
  • foetal fluid serology in older foetuses
  • immunofluorescence on frozen foetal livet (viral ag FAT)
  • virus isolation (expensive, doesnt always work)
61
Q

How may porcine parvovirus be prevented/controlled?

A
  • vaccination

- keeping herd endemically infected (want to see some mummificationsso you know the herd is still immune)

62
Q

What is the swine influenze pathogen?

A

Type A influenze virus (H1N1, H3N2)

63
Q

What type of disease is swine influenza predominantly?

A

Respiratory, causes pyrexia->

64
Q

How does swine influenza cause aboritons?

A

Pyrexia in sow

- transplacental infections rare

65
Q

How may swine influenze be diagnosed?

A
  • PCR (virus isolation) in acutely affected animals

- paired serology

66
Q

What does PCV2 cause and is it common in the UK?

A
  • abortions, mummification and stillbirthd, weak piglets and congenital tremor
  • not ever confirmed in UK
  • post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)
  • porcine dermitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)
67
Q

Is theres PCV2 vax?

A

Yes

68
Q

WHat is AUjesky’s disease also known as?

A

Pseudorabies

69
Q

WHat virus causes Aujesky’s disease?

A

Herpesviridae

70
Q

Is Aujesky’s disease common?

A

No notifiable disease

71
Q

How does Aujesky’s disease enter the body?

A

Respiratory tract

72
Q

CLinical signs of Aujesky’s disease?

A

CNS signs, high mortality in piglets

- pregnant sows: haematogneous spread to foets -> abortion.stillbirth

73
Q

What type of pathogencauses classical swine fever?

A
  • pestivirus (flaviviridae)
74
Q

Is classical swine fever common?

A

No, notifiable

75
Q

Clinical signs of classical swine fever

A
  • high mortality
  • D+
  • ameorrrhages in skin and other orgnas esp kidneys
  • abortion, mummification,stillbirthd, congenital tremors (~=hairy shakerr lamb)
76
Q

Which species may AUjesky’s disease also affect? CLinical signs?

A

Dogs that eat the piglets -> lung oedem AND DEATH

77
Q

Has African swine fever ever occourred in the UK?

A
  • No

- notifiable

78
Q

Clinical isgns of African swine fever?

A
  • very similar to classical swine fever including repro failure
79
Q

When does canine herpesvirus (CHV) infect dogs?

A

during birth via birth canal or shortly after birth (contact) -> systemic herpesvirus infection

80
Q

What syndrome is canine herpes virus associated with? Why does it infect these dogs? Tx?

A

Fading puppy syndrome (puppies start screaming then die)
- due to immature immune system and poor regulation of body temperature
Increase body temperrature to Tx

81
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine herpesvirus?

A
  • organ necrosis, death

- haemorrhages esp. kidneys

82
Q

Dx of canine herpesvirus?

A

Gross and histpath findings (intranuclear inclusion bodies)

83
Q

Prevention of canine herpesvirus?

A
  • vax for pregnant bitches
84
Q

Which 2 viruses cause reproductive fialure in the cat? dx? tx/prevention?

A

> feline leukaemia virus
- crosses placenta
- reproductive failure and resorption/abortion
-dx: ag test (queen) imunofluorescence/PCR on aborted foetuses
- prevention: vax
feline parvovirus (feline panleucopenia virus)
- repro failure (early)
- cerebellar hypoplasia (later)
- prevention: vax

85
Q

What tropism does parvovirus show?

A

rapidly dividing cells

86
Q

How is virus detected generally? When may problems with smaples arise?

A
  • virus isolation, PCR or Ag detection

- problems isf samples not fresh (ciruses lose infectivity, nucleic acids and proteins degrade)

87
Q

How may antibodies be used to detect infection? Problems?

A
  • Ab detection in foetal fluids (only once foetus is immunocompetent)
  • Serology of dam showing ^ Ab titre
    > problems
  • possible delay between infection of dam and ifnection of foetus
  • possible delay between infection of foetus and reproductive failure becoming apparent
    -> seroconversion may thereofre have occoured earlier and will not be detected

Reproduction (30 decks)

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