Logical Approach SA Repro Flashcards
What is misalliance?
Inadvertant mating on walks
Why may cats be brought in when calling?
Sounds like they are in pain
What is the first question to be asked when approaching repro problems?
- manifestation of normal repro physiology or clinical disease?
What should be gained from the Hx?
- define owners problem/reason for consult
- age, breed, sex, NEUTERED? Always check, may have assumed
- females - last season, when? normal? mated?
- current/planned use of animal
- previous illness/surgery
What should be examined on PE for repro specifically?
> Females - vulva, mammary glands, +- vaginal, +- rectal, response to behavioural stimuli eg. pressure on rump
Male - scrotum, testes, prepuce and penis, +/ mammary glands, rectal
General - BCS, pyrexic, anaemia, shock, lymphadenopathy, abdo mass, uterine enlargement, fluid thrill (free fluid in abdo), pain
What should be checked when looking at the mammary glands?
- enlargement, lactation, masses, pain, discharge, focal or general?
What should be checked when looking at the scrotum?
- check skin, 2 testicles, size, shape, consistency, mobility, pain
What should be checked when looking at the vulva/prepuce?
- size, shape, position
- skin
- discharge - colour, consistency, smell, inflammation
- MMs and mucocutaneous junction
- ectrude penis check shaft and external urethral orifice
Is rectal and vaginal examination well tolerated in SAs?
- rectal yes
- vaginal not unless in season or around parturition
When can be checked on rectal exam?
- anal sacs
- urethra
- prostate
- vagina
- dorsal LNs
- pelvic diameter
- cervix (canno tbe felt on veginal due to shape)
What are the signs associated with oestrus?
- vulval enlargement
- standingon rump pressure +- tail displacement
- haemorrhagic/straw coloured disacharge
- smell
Why is neutered status important when working up repro problems?
Many problems hormonally driven and rare in neutered animals
What further tests may be considered?
- Blood work (BCB/biochem, hormone assays)
- Imaging (radiography and ccontrast, ultrasound, MRI, CT)
- endoscopy
- urinalysis, urine cluture/sensitivity
- pathology (aspirate, cytology, biopsy)
What changes may be detected my haem and biochem?
- infection/sepsis
- azotaemia
- hypo/hypercalcaemia
- hypoglycamiea
- anaemia
Why is urinalysis and urine culture useful?
Repro and urine tracts closely associated - infection in one usually in other too
What are hormonal assays useful for?
- detecting incompletely excised gonadal tissue
- aid PD
- predict ovulation and optimal mating time
What hormones can be tested on assay?
- testosterone
- oestrogen
- progesterone
- relaxin
What is ultrasound most useful for?
- imagine parenchymous organs (solids)
- distinguishing fluid from soft tissue
- image guided centesis/biopsy
- viability of pregnancy
- free fluid
- origin of organ enlagement
- abdo pathology
What is ultrasound not good for?
- intra pelvic structures
- bony changes
What is radiography useful for?
- bony changes eg. foetal mineralisation and number, pelvic anatomy, injury to os penis
- contrast studies for luminal abnormalities esp. vagina and urethra
- thoracic metastases
What may be used to endoscope the vagina? What may this be useful for?
- vaginoscope, otoscope, anoscope for caudal vagina
> for enture vagina, longer rigid/flexible scope needed - placing urinary catheter
Useful for: - vaginal mucosa changes wrt stage of cycle (breeding management)
- strictures, septae, neoplasia, FBS, biopsy, discharge collection
- less common in cats and male dogs
What changes in vaginal cytology are seen in proestrus, oestrus, metooestrus (diestrus) and anoestrus? Why?
LOOK UP
How are biopsy and aspirates often carried out?
- Ultrasound guidance
- Biopsies can be incisional, excision, needle core biopsy, grasping forceps
Is vaginal/prepucial bacteriology useful?
NO
- normal mixed commensal flora
Why may collection of ejaculate be indicated?
- male infertility
