PD in Farm Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what is PD useful for?

A
  • time for drying off of cattle, parturition date

- accurate feeding of sheep based on no. of foetuses

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2
Q

What are the 4 broad methods of PD?

A
  • non-return to oestrus in polyoestrus species
  • measurement of hormones [innaccurate]
  • detection of gravid uterus (manual palpation/ultraosund/radiography)
  • ID changes in gross and microoscopic structure of genital system
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3
Q

What prevents luteolysis in the pregnant cow? From what day is this produced?

A

IFNtau from d13

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4
Q

What stage of pregnancy are the majority of pregnancy losses?

A

Before 21d

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5
Q

Give the 4 specific methods of pregnancy detection in the cow

A
  • Non return to oestrus after service 18-24d
  • B mode real time ultrasound from d30 (when embreyp detaches from uterus wall, v. innaccurate unless experienced)
  • P4 in plasma and milk d21-24
  • Membrane slip of chorioallantois on palpation from d33 OR disparity in horn size from d35 OR palpation of foetus from d45–60 OR presence of placentomes d80
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6
Q

What is the amnion wrt the foetus?

A

Small ball surounding foetus

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus? How may this assist PD?

A

middle uterine a. can be palpated in broad ligament with fremitus

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8
Q

What i produced after d 105 that can be used to detect pregnancy?

A
  • foeto-placental unit produces oestrone sulphate - detectable in milk and plasma
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9
Q

At what stage post insemination can P4 be used to PD?

A

d18-d24 - if not pregnant, P4 will be low
if pregnant, P4 will be high
- BUT If high, may be due to other reason! so more a test for NON-pregnancy

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10
Q

What is the best substance to test for P4 in?

A

milk - higher concentrations than plasma

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11
Q

Potential causes of high P4 in non-pregnant cow ?

A
  • Luteinised cysts
  • persistent CL
  • Error in ID?/labelling
  • shorter than normal oestrus cycle
  • incorrect AI timing
  • embreyo mortality
  • inadequate sample mixing
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12
Q

How does the non-pregnant uterus appear on US?

A

highly folded with no lumen

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13
Q

What may fluid in the uterus indicate?

A
  • oestrus
  • pregnancy
  • endometiritis
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14
Q

By hat day of pregnancy does msot of the pregnant horn has chorioallantois?

A

d35

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15
Q

What does membrane slip help to differentiate/

A

PYo and pregnancy

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16
Q

Why may disparity in horn size give false positives?

A
  • incomplete involution
  • fluid in horns
  • pyometra
  • mucometria
  • hydrometria
17
Q

How may oestrone sulphate be detected?

A
  • blood sample from d120 (potentially from d105)
18
Q

How may pregnancy be detected in the ewe?

A
  • Non-return to oestrus 16-19d after service
  • plasma P4 15-18d after service
  • Transabdo B- Mode US from d30 (no. foetuses from d45-50)
  • doppler US d50
  • vaginal biopsy
  • caudal uterine a. palaption d60
  • radiography
19
Q

PD specifics for goats

A
  • failure to return to oestrus d21 after service
  • milk/plasma P4 d21 (false positice in pseudoprganancy)
  • oestrone sulphateplasma/milk d50
  • transab B modeUS from 30d
  • abdo palpation from d60
20
Q

PD specifics for sow

A
  • non-return to oestrus d18-22 after service
  • plasma P4 16-24d after service
  • transrectal B mode US d12
  • oestrone sulphate plasma 24-28d after service
  • vaginal biopsy 18-22d post service
  • rectal palpation 30d
  • transabdo B mode US from 24d
  • transabdo A mode (audio) from d30
  • transrectal doppler US from d25