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Reproduction > Pathology Pregnant Genital Tract > Flashcards

Pathology Pregnant Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Define embreyo

A
  • time fertilised embreyo begins to develop a long axis to the time that major structures begin to develop (incomplete orgnaogenesis)
  • horse/cattle ~ <35-45d
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2
Q

Define foetus

A

developing viviparous organism after embreyonic stage and before birth

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3
Q

Define abortion

A

Premature EXPULSION of the produces of conception from the uterus (not just death)

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4
Q

Which species are dependent on the CL for the whole pregnancy?

A
  • cattle, goats, pigs, dogs
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5
Q

Which species are only dependent on the CL for early pregnancy?

A
  • horse, sheep, cat
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6
Q

WHat initiates parturition?

A
  • foetal stress (including foetal/maternal illnes, hyperthermia)
  • foetal ACTH -> foetal GCs -> ^ oestrogens from placenta -> ^ myometrial OTRs and ^ PGF2a -> myometrial contraction, luteolysis, v P4 -> relaxin secretion -> placental separation from endometrium -> fresh non-autolysed foetus
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7
Q

What type of pregnancy loss does salmonellosis/septacaemia cause?

A
  • rapid foetal death

- autolysed foetus

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8
Q

Reasons for embreyonic/foetal loss?

A 
- failure of zygote to attach to endometrium
> early embryonc losses
- chromosomal abnormalities [commonest cause]
- inherited disordered
- uterine environmental factors
> late embreyonic loss
- similar causes
> foetal losses
- placentitis -> ischaemia
- other causes eg. septaicaemia
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9
Q

What % embreyonic death can be considered normal in most species?

A

15-30%

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10
Q

What happens to an embreyo lost early? What does this mean clinically?

A

Reabsorbed or expelled (may be small so dont see it)

  • no diagnositc material available
  • infections rare (ureaplsa, tritrichomonas foetus,campylocater) endometritis
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11
Q

WHat are the 3 forms of foetal retention?

A
  • mummification
  • maceration
  • emphysema
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12
Q

What is SMEDI?

A
  • Stillbirth, mummification, early death adn infertility
  • Retention of some dead foetuses with others still being bron alive - especiall seen in pigs with parvo as one foetus is infected after another
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13
Q

What is mummification? Commonly seen with which sp? causes?

A
  • NO bacterial infection
  • mostly multiparous animals esp sow
  • foetal skin developed enough to withstand autolysis so now odour
  • absortion of placental and foetal fluids
  • clsoed cervix
  • time point of expulsion varies
  • genetic, twinning mare,viral (BVD, Parvo sow, CHV) protozoan (toxoplasma) uterine torsion queen, placental insufficiencies
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14
Q

Is dx of a mummified foetus usually possible?

A

no

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15
Q

Does mummification usually have an effect of subsequent breeding?

A

NO

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16
Q

What is maceration?

A
  • foetus becomes liquified
  • bacterial uterine infection necessary
  • reabsorption or expulsioin with purulent exudate
  • foetal bones and teeth may remain
  • foetid odour
  • common with venereal infections (campylobacter foetus venerealis, tritrichomonas foetus, non-specific endometrial infections) -> pyo or endometritis
  • uterine perforation possible
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17
Q

What is foetal emphysema?

A
  • putrefactive organsims ascending from vagina (gas producing eg. clostridia)
  • petnet cervix
  • mostly seen with dystocia/near term incomplete abortion
  • putrifactive foetus, dsitends with putrefactive gas, crepitates
  • advanced uterine lesions and often fatal to dam due to toxaemia
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18
Q

What is the most common route of infection causing abortion?

A
  • haematogenous

- except mare (bacterial and fungal usually ASCENDING)

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19
Q

Give egs. of veneral infections causing abortion

A
  • tritrichomonas foetus

- camyplobacter foetus venerealis

20
Q

How many abortions are caused by non-infectious causes in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses?

A
  • cattle: 50%
  • sheep: 40%
  • pigs: 60-70%
  • horses: 60-70%
21
Q

How may non-infectious causes be detected?

A

Difficult to detect (mostly chromosomal or environmental abnormalities)

22
Q

WHat does the pathology report tell you about aboriton causes?

A

Rules out some diseases but rarely gives definitive diagnosis

23
Q

Which species have highest diagnostic success of abortions? How does this affect which abortions are recommended for path investigation?

A

Sheep (cattle and pigs less successful)

  • only recommend investigation when abortion >3-5% cows or cluster of abortions
  • pigs only investigate outbreaks otherwise dx unlikely
24
Q

WHat are the top 3 infectious casues of ovine abortion?

A
  • chlamydophila
  • campylobacter foetus foetus
  • toxoplasma
25
Q

What are the most comon infectious casues of porcine foetopathy?

A

PRRS, parvo, strep spp .

26
Q

What are the most common infectious causes of bovine foetopathy?

A
  • neospora
  • bacillus licheniformis (poor quality feed)
  • salmonellosis
27
Q

WHat is the main infectious cause of equine abortions that investigations aim to rule out?

A

EHV1

28
Q

can mummified foetuses be tested?

A

NO

29
Q

Give non-infectious casues of foetopahty

A
  • dystoia, twinning in mares
  • umbilical cord abnormlaities or plaacental sufficiencies
  • aplasia/hypoplasi adrenal gland, anterior pituitary anomalies
  • husbandry
  • seasonal infertility esp sows
  • toxins (not common in UK)
  • nutiritional (sel/vit E and E)
  • stress
  • induced (corticosteroids/PGF2a)
  • spontaneous - stress?
30
Q

What is the most common route and pathogen casuing infectious abortion?

A

Haematogenous bacterial

31
Q

How does bacteria/fungus cause abortion?

A

Initiates placentitis

32
Q

How are bacterial/fungal casues of foetopathy diagnosed?

A
  • culture of foetal stomach contents (ulng/liver)
  • selective culturefor campylobacter, listeria, bruccella, fungi
  • culture for some bacteria not possible
    > leptospira (PCR kidney tissue insted)
    > chalmydophila abortus (impression smears of placenta stained with mZN - PCR, IHC)
    -maternl and foetal serology
  • fungal wet preparations of foetal stomach contents
33
Q

WHat is the most common mycotic cause of abortion?

A

aspergillus fumigatus

  • cattle: haematogenous
  • horse: ascending
34
Q

What may outbreaks of mycotic aboritons be associated with?

A

Poor quality feeed or sporadic

35
Q

How do mycotic abortions appear grossly?

A
  • thickened leathery placneta covered with exudate (should be clear and seethrough between cotyledons)
  • elevated grey plaques on foetal skin and eyelids
36
Q

How can mycotic abortions be dx?

A
  • fungal culture/fungal wet preparation of foetal stomach contents
37
Q

How may viral aboritons be diagnosed?

A
  • PCR (eg. PRRS, EHV1, BVD, SHmallenburg, EV, FeLV)
  • virus isolation $$
  • histopath +- IHC IF
  • serology )maternal/foetal free fluids)
38
Q

WHat gross changes does EHV1 cause on the aborted foetus?

A
  • multiple focu necrosis on thel iver
39
Q

WHat gross changes does BVD cause on the aborted foetus?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

40
Q

do protozoal causes usually cause abrtion?

A

No

41
Q

what are the 3 main protozoal causes of foetal loss?

A

> neospora caninum
tritrichomonas foetus
toxoplasma gondii

42
Q

which species are involved in the lifecycle of neospora caninum?

A
  • dog responsible for horizontal transmission
  • persistnet infeciton in cattle (every calf of neospora infected dam will be neospora +)
  • vertical transmision most common
43
Q

how can neospora caninum be diagnosed?

A
  • PCR brain stem

- Histopath of myocardium and brain

44
Q

How is tritrichomonas foetus transmitted ? WHat does it cause/

A
  • venereal
  • lives in prepuce of bulll
  • causes foetal maceration and endometritis/pyometra
  • aboritons @2-4months
45
Q

Which species are involed in toxoplasma gondii lifecyce?

A
  • sheep/goats and cats
46
Q

What does toxoplasma gondii cause?

A
  • timing of infection important

- ZOONOTIC

47
Q

What diseases should be suspected with hydrancephaly?

A
  • bluetongue

- shmallenburg

Reproduction (30 decks)

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