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FA surgery Flashcards

0
Q

What is the anaesthetic legislation for castration?

A

> anaesthesia for bull and goat > 2mo
ram >3mo
elastrator for < 1 week

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1
Q

Advantages adn disadvantages of castration?

A 
\+ prevents mating
\+ v aggression
\+ reduces boar taint
\+ ^ carcasse quality? ^ fat
- v growth rate and FCE
- pain and growth check
- consumers dont like fat
- loss potential breeding animals
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2
Q

Which aniamls are usually castrated which are not?

A
  • calves usually castrated except for bull beef
  • done up to 18 months
  • lambs usually castrated
  • pigs not castrated
    > regional differences eg. oppoite in holland and germany
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3
Q

advantages and disadvantages of elastrator?

A 
\+ simpe and cheap
\+ low failure rate
- only used 1 week of age (diffficult for hill flocks?) 
- pain 
- necrosis of tissues
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4
Q

What must be avoided when elastrating testicles?

A
  • sigmoid flexure of penis
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5
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Burdizzo vloodless castrator?

A 
\+ no wound
\+ no necrosis
\+ can use on older animals and multiple species
- pain
- high failure rate
- scortal ischaemia
- crushing sigmoid flexure 
- 4 crushes required (2 for each testicle, done separately, need long spermatic cord - spare midline to preserve blood supply and just crush spermatic cord)
> restraint important
- sedation?
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6
Q

What should owner be warned of following burdizzo castration?

A

check scrotum contains 2 hard nuts 8 weeks later

- otherwise contact vet

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7
Q

Potential complications of the burdizzo method of castrating?

A
  • failure to crush cord adequately
  • scrotal necrosis
  • accidental clamping of sigmoid flexure of penis
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8
Q

What is most important in open castration?

A
  • clean calf
  • clean environment
  • clean surgery
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9
Q

where should incicsion be made for open castration?

A

bottom of scrotum - pull testes down

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10
Q

keep intruments in what when not in use?

A

tray of disinfectant - ready for next surgery

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11
Q

Where is local anaestehsia injected? what should be given? post op?

A
  • speratic cord
  • testicle (Painful process in itself and not as efffective)
    > procaine (only one licensed in calves) 3-5ml each side
    > NSAIDs postop
    > epidural?
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12
Q

HOw should testicles be removed?

A

pull and twist through incision

- mind your hand!!

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13
Q

HOw does anaesthesia of rams differ to lambs?

A

give epidural

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14
Q

How does castration of boars differ to other spp?

A
  • subanal position
  • no speramtic neck
  • difficult to tense in scrotum
  • boar requires sedation/epidural block or GA
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15
Q

Complications of open castration?

A 
> haemirrhage
> oedema 
> infection (esp clostridial) 
> gut tie if herniated into scrotum
> inguiunal herniation
16
Q

What history would indicate need for a c-sec?

A 
> dam
- heifer or cow
- more than 5d beyond expected calving date 
- long period unproductive straining
- 10cm feet out with 2 people pulling? 
> calf 
- presence of valuable calf
17
Q

What on PE would indicate need for a c-sec?

A 
> BCS 
- fat (big calf small birthing canal)
- beef dam thing = big calf inside
> age/maturity
- normal claving unlikey  confirmation
- gross abnormalitites
> health state 
- concurrent disease
18
Q

Foetal indications for ceasar?

A
  • foeto-maternal disporoportion most common
  • incompletee cervical dilation
  • irreducible uterine torsion
  • foetal deformtiy
  • fauluty foetal disposition (PPP)
19
Q

WHat does ceasar prognosis depend on?

A
  • duration dystocia
  • concurrent disease
  • skill and speed of surgeon
  • availability of skilled assistance (farmer may contaminate wound)
  • surgical environment
  • presence of live calf (dead calf -> peritonitis)
20
Q

which side is ceasar incision made?

A

left (rumen prevents guts falling out)

21
Q

Preparations for ceasar?

A
  • halter and bullring in nose?
  • ride side against wall
  • spasmolytic (clenbuterol, though illegal in NL and BE)
  • epidural? risk cow going down
  • rope on RH leg and tail tied to leg
  • xylazine? risk cow going down
    > flex carpal joints to prevent calf stimulating birthing canal to minimise straining
22
Q

How should a recumbent animal be prepared for ceasar?

A
  • cast
  • xylaine
  • tie tail
  • hobble legs
  • semi-lateral ith bale behind shoulder
23
Q

ANeasthesia options for ceasar?

A
  • paravertebral not great too much mm (T13, L1, L2 +- L3)
  • local blocks better
    > line
    > inverted L
  • epidural if strainging
  • try to avoid sedation!!*
24
Q

What needle and suture material is needed for the uterus? /

A

Large curved round bodied needle 5-8metric catgut

25
Q

What preparation is needed for ceasar?

A
  • kit in safe place
  • scrub suit and scrubbing in
  • suture
  • sterile calving ropes
  • revival equipment
  • prepare assistant
26
Q

How many layers of muscle are there to cut through when opening abdomen?

A
  • 4
27
Q

WHat will happen on entrance to the abdomen when incising for ceasar?

A

Air rush

28
Q

WHat should be grabbed as calf is removed in ceasar?

A

Umbliilcal cord - pull cranially

29
Q

What should be checked after calf has been removed?

A

Second calf

30
Q

Closing up after ceasar?

A
  • tidy foetal membranes
  • check hameirrhage from uterus and ligate vessels
  • suture uterus
    > 5-8M catgut
    > continuous inverting (allows for shrinkage as uterus involutes)
    > interlocking and watertight
    > double layer?
  • clean uterus and reposition
  • remove blood clots from abdo
  • abdo ABx (crystapen (streptopen) NOT metronidazole)?
  • suture 3 layers abdo muscle
  • ABx between mm layers?
31
Q

Post-op management of ceasar?

A
  • clean surgical area
  • dip navel calf
  • feed calf colostrum
  • topical spray
  • OT
  • untie tail
  • ABx 3d
  • NSAIDs
32
Q

When should cow be re-examined following ceasar?

A

24 - 72 hours

  • PE (TPR, ruen, uterus)
  • wound (breakdown fiarly common, not big deal)
  • appetite cow and calf
  • cleansed/adhesion
  • Abx for 3d extend if necessary
33
Q

Complications of ceasar?

A 
> intra op
- striaing
- incised rumen
- uterine tear
- haemorrhage
- recumbency
- contamination
> postop
- wound infection
- endo/metirtis
- peritonitis
- sepsis (emphysema)
- adhesions
- inferitlity/subproduction 
> Death!!
34
Q

What should be remembered about small ruminant ceasar?

A
  • paper thin!
  • horn torsion commmon
  • thin body wall
  • vaginal prolapse
  • multiple foetuses
  • may be ketotic
35
Q

If multiple ceasars are planned, Where should multiple incisions be made. Max no?

A

> max 3

> start cranial near ribs, move backwards each time

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