FA surgery Flashcards
What is the anaesthetic legislation for castration?
> anaesthesia for bull and goat > 2mo
ram >3mo
elastrator for < 1 week
Advantages adn disadvantages of castration?
\+ prevents mating \+ v aggression \+ reduces boar taint \+ ^ carcasse quality? ^ fat - v growth rate and FCE - pain and growth check - consumers dont like fat - loss potential breeding animals
Which aniamls are usually castrated which are not?
- calves usually castrated except for bull beef
- done up to 18 months
- lambs usually castrated
- pigs not castrated
> regional differences eg. oppoite in holland and germany
advantages and disadvantages of elastrator?
\+ simpe and cheap \+ low failure rate - only used 1 week of age (diffficult for hill flocks?) - pain - necrosis of tissues
What must be avoided when elastrating testicles?
- sigmoid flexure of penis
Advantages and disadvantages of Burdizzo vloodless castrator?
\+ no wound \+ no necrosis \+ can use on older animals and multiple species - pain - high failure rate - scortal ischaemia - crushing sigmoid flexure - 4 crushes required (2 for each testicle, done separately, need long spermatic cord - spare midline to preserve blood supply and just crush spermatic cord) > restraint important - sedation?
What should owner be warned of following burdizzo castration?
check scrotum contains 2 hard nuts 8 weeks later
- otherwise contact vet
Potential complications of the burdizzo method of castrating?
- failure to crush cord adequately
- scrotal necrosis
- accidental clamping of sigmoid flexure of penis
What is most important in open castration?
- clean calf
- clean environment
- clean surgery
where should incicsion be made for open castration?
bottom of scrotum - pull testes down
keep intruments in what when not in use?
tray of disinfectant - ready for next surgery
Where is local anaestehsia injected? what should be given? post op?
- speratic cord
- testicle (Painful process in itself and not as efffective)
> procaine (only one licensed in calves) 3-5ml each side
> NSAIDs postop
> epidural?
HOw should testicles be removed?
pull and twist through incision
- mind your hand!!
HOw does anaesthesia of rams differ to lambs?
give epidural
How does castration of boars differ to other spp?
- subanal position
- no speramtic neck
- difficult to tense in scrotum
- boar requires sedation/epidural block or GA
Complications of open castration?
> haemirrhage > oedema > infection (esp clostridial) > gut tie if herniated into scrotum > inguiunal herniation
What history would indicate need for a c-sec?
> dam - heifer or cow - more than 5d beyond expected calving date - long period unproductive straining - 10cm feet out with 2 people pulling? > calf - presence of valuable calf
What on PE would indicate need for a c-sec?
> BCS - fat (big calf small birthing canal) - beef dam thing = big calf inside > age/maturity - normal claving unlikey confirmation - gross abnormalitites > health state - concurrent disease
Foetal indications for ceasar?
- foeto-maternal disporoportion most common
- incompletee cervical dilation
- irreducible uterine torsion
- foetal deformtiy
- fauluty foetal disposition (PPP)
WHat does ceasar prognosis depend on?
- duration dystocia
- concurrent disease
- skill and speed of surgeon
- availability of skilled assistance (farmer may contaminate wound)
- surgical environment
- presence of live calf (dead calf -> peritonitis)
which side is ceasar incision made?
left (rumen prevents guts falling out)
Preparations for ceasar?
- halter and bullring in nose?
- ride side against wall
- spasmolytic (clenbuterol, though illegal in NL and BE)
- epidural? risk cow going down
- rope on RH leg and tail tied to leg
- xylazine? risk cow going down
> flex carpal joints to prevent calf stimulating birthing canal to minimise straining
How should a recumbent animal be prepared for ceasar?
- cast
- xylaine
- tie tail
- hobble legs
- semi-lateral ith bale behind shoulder
ANeasthesia options for ceasar?
- paravertebral not great too much mm (T13, L1, L2 +- L3)
- local blocks better
> line
> inverted L - epidural if strainging
- try to avoid sedation!!*
What needle and suture material is needed for the uterus? /
Large curved round bodied needle 5-8metric catgut
What preparation is needed for ceasar?
- kit in safe place
- scrub suit and scrubbing in
- suture
- sterile calving ropes
- revival equipment
- prepare assistant
How many layers of muscle are there to cut through when opening abdomen?
- 4
WHat will happen on entrance to the abdomen when incising for ceasar?
Air rush
WHat should be grabbed as calf is removed in ceasar?
Umbliilcal cord - pull cranially
What should be checked after calf has been removed?
Second calf
Closing up after ceasar?
- tidy foetal membranes
- check hameirrhage from uterus and ligate vessels
- suture uterus
> 5-8M catgut
> continuous inverting (allows for shrinkage as uterus involutes)
> interlocking and watertight
> double layer? - clean uterus and reposition
- remove blood clots from abdo
- abdo ABx (crystapen (streptopen) NOT metronidazole)?
- suture 3 layers abdo muscle
- ABx between mm layers?
Post-op management of ceasar?
- clean surgical area
- dip navel calf
- feed calf colostrum
- topical spray
- OT
- untie tail
- ABx 3d
- NSAIDs
When should cow be re-examined following ceasar?
24 - 72 hours
- PE (TPR, ruen, uterus)
- wound (breakdown fiarly common, not big deal)
- appetite cow and calf
- cleansed/adhesion
- Abx for 3d extend if necessary
Complications of ceasar?
> intra op - striaing - incised rumen - uterine tear - haemorrhage - recumbency - contamination > postop - wound infection - endo/metirtis - peritonitis - sepsis (emphysema) - adhesions - inferitlity/subproduction > Death!!
What should be remembered about small ruminant ceasar?
- paper thin!
- horn torsion commmon
- thin body wall
- vaginal prolapse
- multiple foetuses
- may be ketotic
If multiple ceasars are planned, Where should multiple incisions be made. Max no?
> max 3
> start cranial near ribs, move backwards each time
