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Reproduction > Female Genital Pathology > Flashcards

Female Genital Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the commonest mechanism of entry for genital tract infection? When can infection occour?

A

> ascending infection

  • at oestrus
  • postpartum
  • equine placenta during pregnancy as cervix doesnt completely seal
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2
Q

How may pathogens enter the genital tract? Give egs.

A
  • ascending
  • haematogenous (usually pregnancy eg. brucellosis, salmonellosis, pestiviris, herpesvirus, aspergillosis)
  • descending (rare) some viral, chlamydia, ureaplasma
  • transneural (rare) recrudescence of herpessvirus
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3
Q

What defense mechanisms protect the genital tract?

A

> innate
- vaginal epithelium, cervix, conformation, myometrial tone and uterus contraction, drainiage of secretions, neutrophils/macrophages/complement/cytokines
adaptive
- response to pathogens but tolerating of spermatozoa and foetus
- humoral ABs (IgA and IgG)
- cellular lymphocytes

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4
Q

How may hormones influence immunity and vice versa?

A
  • oestrus ^ drainage
  • oestrogen ^ disease resistance by upregulating T and B lymphs
  • progesterone ^ susceptibility of disease
  • Inflammation of uterus v PGF2a production -> no lysis of CL
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5
Q

Give 5 developmental abnormalites

A
  • true hermaphrodite
  • pseudo hermaphrodite
  • chimerism
  • tract anomaly
  • ovarian anomalies
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6
Q

How is pseudohermaphrodism named?

A

after gonads not external genetalia

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7
Q

What is chimerism?

A

individual with cells from 2 sources eg. freemartinism

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8
Q

What is ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

Cycling animals despite neutering due to remnant left or present in peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

What should not be confused with functional cysts?

A

developmental cysts - no affect on cyclicity

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10
Q

Why do follicular or graafian cysts occour?

A
  • lack of LH surge due to low GnRH or lack of receptors

- may be due to stress (cortisol) or infection

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11
Q

What is a follicular cyst?

A

failure of mature follicule to ovulate
> 2.5cm in cow
> 1cm in sow

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12
Q

What clinical signs may be associated with follicular cysts?

A

Acyclicity (sows) and nymphomania (cows)

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13
Q

What is a luteal cyst?

A

Anovulation with luteinisation of theca

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14
Q

Why do luteal cysts occour?

A

lack of LH

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15
Q

Clinical signs of luteal cysts? Tx?

A
  • anoestrus

- PGF2a

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16
Q

What is a cystic corpora lutea? What should not be confused with this?

A
  • normal ovulation
  • ovulation papilla present
    > can be confused with luteal cysts
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17
Q

Other than cysts what ovarian pathologys are possible?

A
  • haemorrhage
  • adhesions
  • inflam “oophoritis” usually due to bacteria ascending/systemic
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18
Q

4 types of ovarian neoplasia? egs.

A 
> germ cell
- teratoma
- dysgerminoma
> gonadal stromal neoplasm
- granulosa cell
- thecoma
- luteoma 
> epithelial neoplasm
- cystadenoma
- cystadenocarcinoma 
> 2* tumours 
- lymphoma
- mammary carcinoma bitch
- intestinal carcinoma cow
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19
Q

Hw do dysgeminomas appear grossly? micro? prognosis?

A
  • smooth surface
  • areas of harmorrhage or necrosis
  • frequent mitototic figures and giant cells
  • mostly benign and undfferentiated
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20
Q

prognosis of teratomas?

A

mostly benign and well differentiated

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21
Q

What are sex cord-stromal tumours and what clinical signs may they cuase? Prognosis?

A
  • granulosa-theca cell tumour
  • smooth surface with solid or cystic cut surface
  • usualy benign
  • produce steroids -> masculinisation (andrgoens) anoestrus (inhibin) and nymphomania (oestrogen)
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22
Q

How do epithlial neoplasms appear grossly? Different types?

A
  • cystadenoma and cystcarcinoma

- often bilateral and shaggy, cauliflower like

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23
Q

Which species are epithelial neoplasmm most common?

A

dog

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24
Q

Prognosis of epithelial neoplasms?

A
  • contact metaplasia possible, may spread by implantation on peritoneal surface
  • ascites
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25
Q

What pathologies may fallopian tubes (salpinx) incur?

A
  • hydrosalpinx congenital or aquired
  • pyosalpinx
  • salpingitis (usually 2* ascending infection, common in gilts)
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26
Q

What are the 3 main non-infectious pathologies of the uterus?

A
  • torsion (preg or yo, may be at cervix or tip of horn)
  • rupture (dystocia or fluid tx of uterus)
  • prolapse (hypocalcaemia, oestrogen^ , dystocia)
27
Q

What is CEH-pyo syndrome?

A
  • cystic endometrial hyperplasia
  • due to excessive and prolonged oestrogenic stimulation (endo or exogenous)
  • predisposes pyo
28
Q

Why may mucometra/hydrometra occour?

A
  • congential or aquired obstruction
  • excessive fluid production eg. with endometrial hyperplasia (more common in older dogs due to frequent gland hyperplasia each season)
29
Q

When may endomeritis occour?

A
  • post service due to semen

- post-partum

30
Q

What occours with endometritis?

A
  • infiltration of lymphoctes and plasma cells into mucosa
31
Q

pathogeneis of endometritis?

A
  • mild cases self-limiting
  • severe cases can become chronic and fibrous (if no E4 to sitmulate inflammation)
  • > persistnet CL in mare and cow if chronic
32
Q

Which species commonly gets endometritis?

A

Mares - persistent mating induced esp. older mares due to conformation

33
Q

Common endometritis pathogens in the cow?

A 
> venereal 
- herpes virus
- tritrichomonas foetus
- campylobacter foetus venerealis
> postpartum 
- pyogenic cocci 
- coliforms
- T. pyogenes
34
Q

Common endometrititis pathogens in the mare?

A
  • a-haemolytic strep
  • Klebsiella pnuemonia
  • E. COli
  • Taylorella Equigenitalis CEM
  • pseudomonas aeroguinosa
35
Q

How does metritits differ to endometritits?

A

All ayers of uterine wall affected

- more severe due to possible toxaemia/septicaemia

36
Q

Pathology of metritits grossly?

A
  • dull congested serosa
  • paintbrush haemorrhages
  • thickened, oedematous and friable uterinae wall
  • yellow-red exudate with foul odour
37
Q

Which dogs are commonly affected by pyometra?

A
  • older nulliparous dogs
38
Q

When does pyo usually present?

A
  • few weeks after oestrus under progesterone exposure following oestrogen priming
  • may be predisposed by UTI
  • CEH (cystic endometrial hyperplasia) predisposes
39
Q

Commonest pathogens causing pyo in the bitch?

A
  • E.coli causing brownish viscous exudate

- Strep causing creay yellow exudate

40
Q

What may occour after pyo?

A
  • toxaemia/bacteraemia -> widespread extramedullary haemoatopoiesis ad immune-complex glomerulopathy
41
Q

How does pyometra in the cow differ to the bitch?

A
  • not due to EH
  • uterine disease usually predisposes (endometrirtis/metritis)
  • most early post-partum though may be venereal
42
Q

What does pyo in the cow cause?

A
  • persistent CL and ^ P4 levels
43
Q

Why is pyo less life threatening in the cow?

A

Cervix functionaly closed but still slightly open allowing for discharge
-> rarely systemic signs seen

44
Q

COmmon pyo pathogens of the cow

A
  • haemolytic strep
  • staph
  • coliforms
  • trueperella pyogenes
  • pseudomonas auroguinosa
  • tritrichomonas foetus venerealis
45
Q

What pathogen usually causes pyo in the sow?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

46
Q

How do horses differ to other spp. wrt pyo?

A
  • mares continue cycling during disease, soemtimes prolonged cycle
  • some cases follow dystocia with infection, many do not
  • mostly no cervical closure -> discharge and seldom systemic disesse
47
Q

Which pathogens are involved in equine pyo?

A
  • strep zooepidemicus
  • E. COli
  • Actiniomyces spp.
  • Pasturella spp.
  • Pseudomonas
    > similar to endometritits
48
Q

Which species is most commonly affected by leiomyoma? Prognosis?

A
  • Bitch
  • benign but multiple also affecting cervix and vagina
  • oestrogens responsible for maintaining -> spaying will eradicate
49
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of leimyoma?

A
  • firm pink or white, swirled smooth muscle cells
50
Q

Which species is most commonly afected by carcinoma? When is this diagnosed? What is it and why is it important?

A
  • cows
  • found at meal inspecition
  • epithelial neoplasia with glandular pattern, firm neoplasm with fibrous response
  • suspect EBL (actually lymphosarcoma) (enzootic bovine leukosis: Notifiable disease)
51
Q

Where does uterine carcinoma usually metstasise to?

A
  • regional LNs
  • lungs
  • seeding in peritoneum
52
Q

What defines lymphosarcoma?

A
  • arising in lymphoid tissue
53
Q

Egs. of lymphsarcoma?

A

EBL

54
Q

Which organs are affected by EBL?

A
  • heart
  • abomasum
  • LNs
  • uterus
55
Q

Give egs. of non-infectious vulva and vaginal diseases

A
  • persistent hymen, vaginal septum
  • rupture
  • stricture/stensosis
  • abnormal tumefaction (swelling of the vulva, normal in season)
  • hyperplasia, hypertrophy and prolpase
  • vaginal cysts and polyps (common in older bitches)
56
Q

What are the 4 inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina?

A
  • post partum trauma
  • granular vaginitis/vulvitis
  • Herpesvirus (IPV, CHV-1, EHV-3 coital exanthema)
  • Dourine (notifiable)
57
Q

What is IPV? What is the equivalent in the opposite sex? Spread? Prognosis?

A

Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, infectious balanoposthitis

  • caused by BVH-1
  • venereal or nose-vulva contact spread
  • lymphoid nodules form,self limiting, only seen in hiefers
58
Q

Which neoplasms are possible in the vulva and vagina?

A
  • leiomyoma
  • TVT
  • fibropapilloma
  • SCC
59
Q

How are TVT cells different to normal?

A

Less chromosomes

60
Q

How is TVT transmitted?

A

Venereal transmission of neoplastic cells

61
Q

Histo of TVT?

A
  • large, round, neoplastic cells, occasional large bizarre nuclei
62
Q

Tx and prognosis of TVT?

A
  • vincristine responsive

- metastasises in dogs with poor heALTH

63
Q

What does BPV-1 cause?

A

fibropapilloma

64
Q

What is SCC caused by?

A

radiation damage eg. sunlight

Reproduction (30 decks)

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