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Reproduction > Equine Repro Management > Flashcards

Equine Repro Management Flashcards

1
Q

Which codes of practice should be adhered to for TB breeding?

A

HBLB (horse race betting levy board)

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2
Q

What bacterial infections are associated with breeding horses?

A
  • Taylorella Equigenitalis
  • Klebsiella Pnumoniae
  • Pseudomonas Aeroguinosa
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3
Q

What viral infections are associated with breeding horses?

A
  • Equine Viral Enteritis
  • Equine Herpes Virus 1
  • Equine Infectious Anaemia
  • Equine Coital Exanthema
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4
Q

What disease produces disk like raised lesions?

A

Dourine caused by Trypanosoma Equiperdum

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5
Q

What pathogen causes strangles?

A

Streptococcus Equi

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6
Q

When is the normal oestrus season of the horse?

A

Feb/March to foal January

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7
Q

When is pre-screening of stallions and teasers carried out?

A

Between 1st Jan and 15th Feb

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8
Q

What transport medium are bacterial culture swabs carried in?

A

AMies charcoal

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9
Q

What types of swab are taken from the stallion/teaser?

A
  • urethral
  • urethral fossa
  • preputial smegma
  • pre-ejaculatory fluid
    > 2 sets taken 7d apart, test for bacteria
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10
Q

How are viral diseases tested for in the stallion/teaser?

A
  • 1 serum sample for EVA titre [be aware vax horses will be +]
  • 1 serum sample for EIA (ELISA/Coggins) test
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11
Q

When should mares be tested?

A

1st Jan - 15th Feb OR 1 month before due date if late foaling

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12
Q

What types of swabs are taken from the mare? When may additional swabs be needed?

A
  • 1 set clitoral sinus and fossa
  • for dystocia/treated mares an additional swab taken for pseudomonas/klebsiella (aerobic growth, Blood and MacConkeys agar)
  • also swab and smear of endometrium when in oestrus >7d after ABx finished
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13
Q

How are viral diseases tested for in the mares?

A
  • 1 serum sample for EVA titre

- 1 serum sample for EIA (ELISA/Coggins) test

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14
Q

What vaccine is used to protect against EVA?

A

Artervac (killed vax, Fort Dodge)

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15
Q

Within how long should bacterial cultures be recieved by the lab after collection?

A

48hrs

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16
Q

What types of culture should be carried out on swabs?

A
  • Aerophilic (Klebsiella, Pseudmonas)

- Microaerobphilic (Haemolysed CEMO agar, ± streptomycin, >7d)

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17
Q

Which pathogen may be tested for using qPCR?

A

Taylorella Equigenitalis

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with bacterial venereal diseases? Diagnositcs?

A
  • vaginal discharge 2d+ after mating
  • early return to oestrus swab uterus, clitoral fossa and sinuses
    > stop mating and AI
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19
Q

Which disease is endemic in mainland Europe?

A

EVA

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20
Q

Which disease may cause a carrier status? In which horses?

A

EVA

  • only in stallions and teasers (in urethral gland)
  • if mares infected once will have clinical disease and then be immune for life
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21
Q

Where does the clitoral fossa sit in relation to the clitoris?

A

dorsal under urethral folds

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22
Q

When may Klebsiella and Pseudomonas infections occour?

A

Take advantage when other ABx are in use

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23
Q

Tx and course of action when treating bacterial venereal diseases

A
  • imprive stud hygeine
  • trace contacts , notify authorities
  • ABx for uterus
  • Clitorectomy to remove carrier status \
  • Re-swab 3x 7d after Tx
  • Only mate when negative swabs confirmed
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24
Q

Clinical signs of equine viral arteritis? Diagnositics?

A
  • brick red conjunctiva
  • fever, depression, filled legs, skin rash
  • abortion/early pregnancy failure
    > blood sample for Abs
    > Nasopharyngeal swabs for PCR and culture
    > redo bloods after a month - looking for static or declining titres [use same lab] in mares to indicate clinical stage of infection has passed
    > if importing from Europe recheck bloods! (rest of Europe not as hot on infectious disease)
    > stallions may become permenant shedder -> castrate/PTS
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25
Q

What clinical signs are seen with EHV-1? Which horses are commonly affected?

A
  • resp infection, nasal discharge

- young horses just out of training, yearlings

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26
Q

How can EVH-1 be diagnosed and what immediate action should be taken?

A
  • PCR (EHV1 and 4)
  • blood samples, nasopharyngeal swabs
    > segregate from breeding stock/pregnant mares
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27
Q

How does the mares cervix differ to other species?

A

In mares it is open during follicular phase to allow interuterine semenal deposition

  • dirty process!
  • myometrium makes large immunological attack mounted against this so fine in young healthy animals
  • in old mares sloping vulva -> pnuemovagina and infection
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28
Q

Should leucocytes ever be present in vaginal/endometrial smears?

A

NO not normal

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29
Q

What immediate action should be taken with EHV1 abortions?

A
  • isolation from other pregnant mares
  • even if have been together during pregnancy (virus cloud from foetus when born)
  • PM foetus and foetal membranes
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30
Q

What must be carried out before vaccinating a stallion against EVA?

A

Check negative AB titre before vax and mark in passport - after this point there is no way of distinguishing potential carrier

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31
Q

What may be seen at PM of a EHV aborted foal?

A

FLuid in the chest

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32
Q

Other than abortion what clinical signs may be assocated with EHV-1?

A

Neuro

  • ataxia
  • paralysis
  • incontinence
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33
Q

Do horses ever recover from EHV infection?

A

Can do

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34
Q

Vax for EHV?

A
  • Equip EHV 1,4 licensed for use in equine abortions
  • Jan and July for all non-preg horses
    + 5,7,9 months of gestation
35
Q

What should be remembered about EHV?

A

Carrier status -> recrudescence in immunosupressed horses

36
Q

Outline clinical signs of Equine Coital Exanthema. What disease is this similar to in humans? (Though distinct pathogens)

A
  • genital herpes
  • pox like lesions appear 5-9d after infection
  • 10-14d for recovery
  • cease mating and tx symptomatically
  • occasional systemic signs
37
Q

Clinical signs of Equine Infectious Anaemia?

A
  • fever
  • anaemia
  • oedema
  • weight loss
  • death
38
Q

What type of pathogen causes equine infectious anaemia?

A
  • lentivirus

- spread by infected horseflies and stable flies

39
Q

What test is available for EIA?

A

ELISA/coggins test

40
Q

What causes dourine? How is it spread? Where is it commonly seen? Clinical signs?

A
  • trypanosoma equiperdum
  • venereal transmission
  • commonly seen in N Africa and Italy
  • silver dollar lesions, neuro dysfucntion and wasting
41
Q

Is EIA notifiable?

A

Yes

42
Q

What is the Tx of EIA?

A

Once infected, horses are infectious for life so euthanasia is advocated

43
Q

Is strangles a notifiable disease?

A

No is endemic in UK

44
Q

Which horses are commonly affected by strangles and what are the clinical signs?

A
  • young horses
  • respiratory disease
  • enlarged submandibular LNs
    > internal abscesses
  • pnumonia
  • colic
  • diarrhoea
  • weight loss
45
Q

How is biosecurity on yard classified?

A

Red: infected
Amber: contact with infected
Green: clean

46
Q

How can strangles be Dx?

A

Nasopharyngeal swabs
Tracheal and gutteral pouch washes
- PCR tests
> NB: bloods only show challenge not active disease

47
Q

Tx of strangles?

A
  • Abx if pre-abscessation (penicillin)
  • Hot poultice abscess cases
    > carriers
  • gutteral pouch washes
    > vax
  • equilis strep E (MSD)
48
Q

Why may imported horses bring in disease?

A
  • EU no requirement for pre-import CEM swabs or EIA or EVA bloods
  • CEM and EVA endemic in many populations in Europe
49
Q

What is CEMO?

A

Contagious Equine Metritis Organism (Taylorella Equigenalis)

50
Q

Is CEM notifiable?

A

Yes

51
Q

When is teasing carried out?

A

From 14d after last mating

52
Q

Why may Abx not be indicated for strangles cases?

A
  • delays abscess formation

- ^ risk of bastard metastatic form (abscesses inside)

53
Q

How should amber strangels cases be montiored?

A

Temperature 2x daily

54
Q

What is Pourets surgery?

A
  • perineoplasty
  • separate caudal vagina and rectum, anus and vulva
  • maintains horizontal vulva
55
Q

How does the cervix appear during oestrus and diestrus/pregnancy?

A
  • oestrus: relaxed, pink and moist

- diestrus/preg: tight, pale and dry

56
Q

What should be carried out at time of first show to teaser?

A
  • vaginal exam to check for urocagina, cervical damage or discharge
  • endometrial swab and smear samples if cervix relaxed (check for acute endometritis)
  • if acute endometritis present treat with Abx
57
Q

What is the Tx for acute endometritis?

A

3d course Abx

- check at next oestrus

58
Q

Why are ovaries scanned around oestrus?

A

Check up on development of follicles every day or 2 until ovulation can be predicted and mating recommended

59
Q

How can ovulation be predicted? When should mating be indicated?

A
  • cervix fully relaxed, pink and moist
  • responsive to teaser
  • soft, deformable >3cm follicle migrating towards ovulation fossa
  • uterus losing fold oedema
    > send for mating on the day when ovulation likely to occour that night
60
Q

How many matings should be aimed for per oestrus period? why? What drugs can be used to augment this success?

A

1 per oestrus period
- minimise uterine challenge
- minimise stallion ejaculations
> use of GnRH or hCG injections/implants
-eg. Busirelin (GnRH)
-eg. Desirelin implant (better window of opportunity)

61
Q

What is the treatment for urovagina?

A

Oxytocin and excercise

62
Q

What do you look for to indicate acute endometritis?

A

polymorphonuetrophils (PMNs)

63
Q

Should RBCs ever be present in a normal uterine swab?

A

ONly if in oestrus

64
Q

What is being felt for on rectal before mating a mare? Ultrasound? How often should rectalling be repeated?

A
  • ovaries: follicle size and ocnsistency, US: deformability, corpora haemorrhagica and lutea
    > think plums (tense, tense->soft, soft = cover now!!)
  • uterus: size, consistency, homogenicity, US: fold oedema, lumenal fluid and echogenicity
  • repeat ~24hrs until ovulation can be predicted and mating recommended*
65
Q

How does the corpus haemorrhagicum appear on US?

A

Honeycomb

66
Q

What are anovultory follicles filled with? What effect do they have on the mare?

A

fluid and fibrin

- prevent mare form cycling

67
Q

What is denoted by a halo around the CL?

A

End of life - PGs beginning to degrade

68
Q

What should be checked for 48hours after mating?

A

> ovulation

  • lack of follicles, painf/discomfort on ovarian palpation
  • US: corpora haemorrhagicum, lumenal fluid ,echogenicity
69
Q

What should be done if ovulation has not occoured 48hrs after mating?

A

re-cover

70
Q

How should excessive fluid in the uterus be treated?

A
  • 3L saline flush
  • 1g ceftiofur sodium [Abx] IU
  • 25iu Oxytocin IV
71
Q

What are uterine cysts and which horses most commonly get them? What affect may they have on pregnancy?

A
  • lymph filled cysts
  • > 14yo
  • not harmful in themselves but may prevent conceptus moving around uterus and signalling to mare that she is pregnant (required to stop glands producing PGF2a) -> abortion if concpetus gets stuck
72
Q

Where does fertilisation occour in the horse and how does this impact management?

A
  • In the fallopian tubes

- gives you 4-5d window as conceptus migrates down fallopian tube to clean uterus if fluid filled or infected.

73
Q

How may infection be distinguished from normal fluid in the uterus?

A

Infection -> turbid fluid

Normal fluid has low echogenicity

74
Q

What uterine abnormalities may be noted on ultrasoudn?

A
  • pneumouterus
  • urometra -> CaCO3 crystals
  • pyometra
  • mural haematoma
  • trans-lumenal fibrous adhesions (disasater! due to severe infection/trauma)
  • uterine FB eg swab tip
75
Q

How soon after mating should mares be examined for signs of pregnancy?

A

No sooner than 14d

- may miss twins as too small to see

76
Q

What should be assessed at 15/16d post mating? When should US scans be repeated?

A 
> vaginal 
- cervix pink and moist? - take endometrial swab and smears, prepare to cover again
- cervix pale and dry? - diestrus or pregnancy 
> uterus 
- very tonic during pregnancy ± "bulge"
> US [repeat @ 25-30 + 42d]
- signs of multiple pregnancys
- signs of persistent diestrus
77
Q

What is the Tx for persistnet diestrus at 48hr check?

A

PGF2a injection

78
Q

What should be remembered when checking equine foetuses cf. other spp?

A
  • asynchronous ovulations can mean twins of different sizes
79
Q

When treating twins, which embreyo should be popped?

A

Closest distal horn

80
Q

Why can foals not be carried to term?

A

Microcotyledonous placenta means whole uterus required to support single foal

81
Q

How should an aborted foetus be treated?

A
  • evacuate uterus with PGF2a, large volume saline and ABx irrigation,
  • send flushing s to lab to check for septic v non-septic causes
82
Q

What veterinary tx do pregnancy mares require?

A
  • routine vet stuff eg. anthelmintics, vax
  • otherwise minimal intervention
    > unless “high risk” -> periodic US scans to check for placentitiis etc.
83
Q

Does the TB industry use AI? Why?

A

No - better fertilisation rates with natural covering and traditional

84
Q

Which hormone is always dominant? P4 or E2?

A

P4

Reproduction (30 decks)

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