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Reproduction > Male Genital Pathology > Flashcards

Male Genital Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What system are scrotal pathologies usually associated with?

A

Derm - often asicated with derm changes elsewhere eg. chorioptic mange in rams

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2
Q

What effect does scrotal pathology have on the testicles?

A
  • thermoregulatory failure

- testicular degeneration

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3
Q

What neoplaisas are common in the scrotum? In which spp?

A
  • Varicose haemangioma (dog, scottish and airdale terriers; boar)
  • MCT (dog)
  • Haemangiosarcoma (dog)
  • Papilloma (boar)
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4
Q

WHat is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Thin layer of mesothelium continuous with peritoneum

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5
Q

tunica vaginalis pathologies?

A
  • Hydrocoele in ascites
  • Periorchitis eg. FIP, Glassers
  • Tumours rare - extension of peritoneal tumour eg. mesothelioma
  • Adhesions form epidydimitis/orchitis or penetrating wounds
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6
Q

Give 4 broad pathologies assocated with testis and epidydmis

A
  • developmental
  • degeneration
  • inflammation
  • neoplasia
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7
Q

What inflammatory response may be seen to endogenous tissue in the testes and why?

A
  • granulomatous inflammation to spermatozoa as haploid and seen as foreign
  • > spermatic granuloma
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8
Q

What are most cases of ambigous/intersex conditions?

A

Male pseudohermaphrodites (external female genetalia with testes)

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9
Q

Where may cryptorchid testicles be retained? Does the side (L v R) matter?

A
  • anywhere from kidney to inguinal canal

- side dependant on species can give clues eg. horses, left cryptorchid likely to be in abdomen

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10
Q

How do retianed testicles differ from descended?

A
  • hypoplasia: small, fibrotic
  • interstitial collagen deposition with only a few spermatogonia due to thermal suppression of spermatogenesis
  • ^ risk tumour formation especialy in dogs (usually sertolli cell tumours)
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11
Q

What causes cryptorchidism?

A
  • polygenetic

- hormonal/environmental factors

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12
Q

Causes of testicular hypoplasia?

A
  • congential or pre-pubertal
  • nutrition
  • Zn deficiency
  • genetic
  • endocrine/cytogenic abnormalities
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13
Q

Appearance grossly/microscopically?

A
  • grossly small but normal consistency
  • microscopy reveals incomplete or absent spermatogenesis with hypoplastic and normal tubules intermingled
  • may be unilateral or bilateral
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14
Q

What is the most common cause of male infertility?

A

Testicular atrophy/degeneration

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15
Q

Causes of testicular atrophy?

A
  • ^ scrotal temperature
  • v blood supply
  • vit A/Zn deficiency
  • drug reaction
  • radiation damage
  • obstructin
  • hyperoestrogenism
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16
Q

How can local v systemic casues of testicular atrophy be defined?

A
  • uni or bilateral
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17
Q

How do atrophied testicles appear microscopically?

A
  • similar to hypoplasia but fibrotic and granulomatous possible (reaction to degenerating spermatozoa)
  • multinucleate spermatids may be seen (bipsy/semen)
  • wavy basement membrane (used to be bigger, now shrunk)
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18
Q

Is true orchitis common in animals?

A

No

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19
Q

Give 3 casues of orchitis

A
  1. haematogenous eg. brucella abortus in bulls -> purulent orchitis with prgressive fibrosis
  2. trauma (mainly dogs) accompanied by periorchitis and epidydmitis
  3. Reflux orchitis as extension of inflammation from epidydmis, prostate, bladder, urethra -> mixed infection including coliforms
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20
Q

common outcomes of orchitis

A
  • sterility if severe

- spermatic granuloma formaiton

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21
Q

Which spp is epidydmitis common in?

A
  • ram and dog

> generally more common than orchitis anyway

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22
Q

Causes of epidydmitis

A
  • ascending infection from accessory glands and urogenital tract
    > eg. ram
  • haematogenously eg. Brucella ovis [notifiable]
  • ascending eg. actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus somni, E. Coli
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23
Q

pathogenesis of epidydmitis

A
  • initial enlargement -> abscess or granuloma formation in TAIL
  • mostly unilateral, most tail (not head)
  • mixed infections involving coliforms, staph and strep
  • > some degree of testicular atrophy and degen due to temperature and pressure
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24
Q

what congential condition may be confused with epidydmitis?

A
  • spermatic granuloma of epidydmal head
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25
Q

Which sp. if more commonly affected by testicular neoplasia?

A

dogs, less horses

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26
Q

3 types of testicular neoplasia?

A
  • Interstitial (Leydog)
  • Sertolli
  • Seminoma and teratoma (germa cell tumours)
    > large proportion of cases will be MIXED tumour
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27
Q

What age group of dogs are commonly affected by Leydig cell tumours? Are they usually malignant?

A

> 8yo

  • no, benign
  • may be functional and cause aggression
28
Q

Gross and micro appearance of Leydig interstitial cell tumour

A

> gross
- single or multiple 1-2cm spherical, well demarkated, tan-orage, greasy/haemorrhagic, bulge on cut surface
- NO gross enlargement of testes
micro
- polyhedral cells packed in small groups by fine fibrous stroma

29
Q

What dogs are commonly affected by Sertolli cell tumours? Are they usually malignant?

A
  • > 6yo
  • Commonly cryptorchid testes
  • Metastis in 10% (^ risk in retained testes) -> scrotal LN
30
Q

Gross and micro appearance of sertoli cell tumour

A

> gross
- unilateral, firm, lobulated discrete mass
- testicular enlargement
- cut surface brown - white colour varies, often fibrous and may contain cysts
micro
- sertoli cells multilayered within tubules or invading interstitial tissue. Abundant fibrous tissue

31
Q

Possible consequence of Sertoli cell tumour?

A

25% secrete oestrogen and some inhibin
- hyperoestrogenism
- casue feminastion and attractiveness to male dogs
> pendulous sheath, mammary development, symmetrical alopecia, atrophy of other testis, squamous metaplasia of prostate gland (predisposing to infection), behavioural changes, anaemia due to myelotoxicity of oestogren

32
Q

What aged dogs are commonly affected by Sertolli cell tumours? Are they usually malignant?

A

> 7yo

  • can occour in retained testes
  • locally invasive but metastasis rare
33
Q

Gross and micro appearance of seminoma

A

> gross
- unilateral and single swelling and pain
- soft cream mass (~~lymphoid tissue) bulges on cut section
micro
- sheets of polyhedral cells with large nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm
- mitoises common
- local invasiveness but metastases rare

34
Q

Which species and group of animals are teratomas most commonly seen in?

A

young horses usually cryptorchid

35
Q

what is a teratoma?

A

tumour dervied from all 3 germ cell layers

  • large, mixture of skine, bone ,teeth, glands, muscle, cartilage, nerves, fat
  • mostly benign
36
Q

What is funiculitis and when is it seen?

A
  • inflamamtion of spermatic cord (usually acute and necrotising)
  • seen after open castration
  • common in pigs
  • “scirrhous cord” in horses after open castration (proud flesh, weeping fistulation to exterior, casued by staph/strep)
37
Q

What pathologys may be seen in the accessory sex glands?

A
  • inflammation of seminal vesicles (vesicular adenitis)
  • inflamation of bulourethral glands
    > both seen in bulls and rams
  • chronic intersitial inflam
  • metaplasia common
38
Q

When is prostate hyperplasia comonly seen?

A

Older entire dogs

39
Q

CLinical signs of prostate hyperplasia?

A
  • constipaton

- urinary stasis LESS COMMON

40
Q

Microscopic appearance of prostate hyperplasia?

A

papillary proliferation of the glandular tissue

41
Q

How can prostate hyperplasia be reversed?

A

Castration causes atrophy - hormone dependent

42
Q

When is prostate metaplasia often seen and what does it predispose to?

A
  • dogs with sertolid cell tumours
  • cattle/sheep assocated with oestrogenic implants and ingestion of phytoestrogens eg. red clover
  • predisposes to inflammation
43
Q

Is prostatitis common?

A

Not uncommon in dogs - older dogs often together with hyperplasia

  • often due to acending infection (coliforms, strep and staph)
  • may be chronic and subclinical
44
Q

Gross changes and possible sequalea of prostatits?

A
  • assymmetrical enlargement
  • may contain abscesses
  • untreated may develop septicamiea/toxaemia or peritonitis
45
Q

Which neoplasia is commonly seen in the prostate?

A

Carcinoma

46
Q

What age are dogs commonly affected by prostatic carcinoma?

A

> 10yo

47
Q

Gross and micro apperance of prostatic neoplasia?

A

> Gross
- assymetircal enlargement
micro
- multiple layers of haphazardly arragnded glandular cells invading interstitium of gland and often rpovoking marked fibrosis

48
Q

Prognosis of prostatic neoplasia?

A
  • guarded

- high rate of local recurrence/metastasis (80% on initial Dx)

49
Q

clinical signs of prostatic neoplaisa?

A
  • cachexia

- locomotor abnormalities (due to pelvic adhesions)

50
Q

Give egs. of venereal transmitted diseases, their Dx and effects.

A
  • tritrichmonas foetus (dx via sheath washing and culture/micro) -> embryonic death/abortion and metritis/pyometra in female cow
  • Camylobacter foetus venerealis (Dx via sheath washings and FAT/culture) -> infertitlity/early embryonic death/abortion in female
    > NB: Campylobacter foetus foetus also causes abortion but is not venereal!
  • Herpesvirus
  • Papillomavirus
51
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of penis and prepuce pathology?

A
  • inflammatory and non inflammatory
52
Q

Give egs. of non-inflammatory penis and prepuce path.

A
  • hypoplasia in early castration and intersex states
  • directional deviations eg. persistent frenulum (esp. board and bulls)
  • hypospadia/epispadia - abnormal urethral opening
  • haematomas (esp. bulls)
  • paraphimosis (inabilituy to retract penis into prepuce eg. due trauma, inflam, neoplasia, some drugs)
53
Q

Give egs. of inflammatory penis and prepuce path. Eg of a cause?

A
  • Balanitis (glans penis)
  • Posthitis (prepuce)
    > generally both: balanoposthitis
  • Eg. Cause: Herpesviruses (Bovine HV1= infectious balanoposthitis, Equine HV3=equine coital exanthema, canine HV)
54
Q

What is pizzle rot? Which spp is it commonly seen in and what are the causes? Clinical signs?

A
  • sheep (mainly castrated males)
  • ulcerative posthitis
  • corynebacterium renale
    > predisposition due to hypoplasia of the penis/prepuce -> urinary soiling
    > high planes of nutrition may contribute
  • clinical signs: yellowish necrosis and ulceration on anterodorsal prepucial aspect
  • may slough off
  • 2* infectino comon
55
Q

Give 2 parasitic infections of the penis and prepuce

A
  • cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sores) in horses: exuberant grnaulation due to larvae deposition
  • dourine (trypanosomiasis) NOTIFIABLE DISEASE
56
Q

What is the most common neoplasia of the penis and prepuce? Which spp. is this espeically important in?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

- horses (geldings and stallions)

57
Q

Cause and clinical signs of penile SCC?

A
  • thought to be due to smegma
  • now shown to be papilloma virus
    > cauliflower like, variable size, glans penis affected
    > problems generally due to ulceration and 2* infection -> urethral obstruction
58
Q

Microscopic appearance of SCC biopsy?

A
  • malignant squamous epithelium forming keratin
59
Q

Is SCC usually malignant?

A
  • low-grade malignancy
  • minority metastasize ot regional LNs but rarely to distant
  • will recur if incompletely removed
60
Q

Which spp are commonly affected by fibropapilloma of the penis?

A

1-2yo bulls

61
Q

What is fibropapilloma usually caused by?

A
  • bovine papillomavirus type 1
62
Q

Where does fibropapilloma affect? Prognosis?

A
  • glans penis
  • benign but may be large and multiple
  • regresses with age
  • complications usually due to 2* infection or penile obstruction
63
Q

Where is transmissable venereal tumour usually seen?

A
  • caudal penis of dogs
  • site of wounds
    (rare in UK)
64
Q

Gross and micro appearance of transmissable venereal tumour?

A 
> gross
- variable size, cauliflower like
- prone to ulceration and 2* infection 
> micro
- sheets of cells resembling lymphoblasts
65
Q

Prognosis and Tx of transmissabble venereal tumour?

A
  • metastasis rare, regression often occours
  • exception: dogs in poor health/immunosupressive eg. strays
  • vincristine responsive

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