Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Clinical Disease of SA Repro Tract 2 > Flashcards

Clinical Disease of SA Repro Tract 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common congenital defect seen in the dog?

A

Cryptorchidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

By what age should testicles be descended?

A

6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the commonest site for undescended testcile to be stuck?

A

inguinal canal (may also be abdo or prescrotal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which dogs are predisposed to cryptorchidism?

A

Pedigree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are retained testicles more susceptible to?

A

Torsion and neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHat is the treatment of cryptorchidism?

A

Castration afvised to prevent future problems (removal of undescended testicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is anarchism/monarchism common?

A

no

- testicular hypoplasia possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are common causes of different sized testicles? Do they usually grow or shrink?

A
  • usually increase in size
  • Commonest cause neoplasia
  • Orchitis/epidydmitis
  • Torsion (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is Dx of differnet sized testicles decided?

A
  • Hx, Pe
  • Ultrasound
  • Aspiration/Biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is testicular neoplasia common in cats?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 most common testicular tumour types?

A
  • Interstitial cell (leydig)
  • Sertolli cell
  • Seminoma
    > === incidence
    > often multiple tumour types in single testicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are testicular tumours generally bening or malignant?

A 
Scrotal = benign
Retained = Malignant (potentially just due to diagnosed later?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do metastases usually go to?

A
  • regional LNs

- viscera (occasionally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which tumours produce hormones when functional? What paraneoplastic effects may this have?

A
  • Leydig = testosterone -> dominance
  • Sertoli = oestrogen -> feminisation
  • Seminomas -> rarely feminisation
    > Infertiility due to hormones and replacement of functiuonal tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why may one testicle become smaller?

A
  • Feminising hormones secreted by functional tumour of other testicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is orchitis/epidydmitis common?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What clinical signs are associated with orchitis/epidydmitis?

A
  • epidydmal enlargement
  • testicular pain
  • tenseness, scrotal oedema
  • abscessation
  • systemic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do infections of the testciles originiate from>?

A
  • urinary tract
  • direct penetration
  • haematogenous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic epidydmitis/orchitis?

A
  • small firm testicle
  • epidydmal enlargement
  • adhesions between tunics and scrotum v testicular mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the usualy treatment of orchitis/epidydmitis?

A

castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is testicular torsion more common and what is the general treatement?

A
  • retained testicle

- castration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are DDx for protruding penis?

A
  • Paraphimosis
  • Priapism
  • Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is priaphimosis? What are potential causes?

A
  • non erect penis protrudes from prepuce
    > causes
  • narrowed preputial orifice (congenital or acquired)
  • penile enlargement after mating
  • failure of penis to stay in prepuce (short prepuce congen/acq, weak preputial/retractor penis mm., contracture following wound)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the treatment of paraphimosis?

A
  • symptomatic
  • Sx enlarging preputial orifice
  • phallopexy (weak mm)
  • preputial lengthening/reconstructive Sx
  • partial penile amputation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is priapism? Is it common?

A

Persistent erection >4 hours not associated with sexual excitement
- uncommon in cats and dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the potential causes of priapism?

A
  • trauma
  • perineal abscess
  • neurological disease
27
Q

How can priapism be classified?

A
  • non-ischaemic (arterial) entire penis partially rigid and non painful (penis may not be extruded)
  • ischaemic (veno-occlusive) painful rigid shaft, soft head
28
Q

What further diagnositcs can be carried out in priapism?

A
  • ultrasound

- blood gas analysis

29
Q

Tx of priapism?

A
  • buster collar, analgesia, topical Tx of penis (prevent self trauma and exposure)
  • Aspiration of blood, flushing of corpus cavernosum, injection of phenylephrine
  • if conservative measures fail or ischaemia present, amputation with perineal urethrostomy (cat) or scrotal urethrostomy (dog)
30
Q

Ddx of penile masses? Diagnostics?

A
  • inflammatory disease
  • Neoplasia
  • Urethral prolapse
    > Bipsy to distinguish inflam v neoplasia
31
Q

Which dogs are predisposed to urethral prolapse?

A

Brachycephalic

32
Q

Penile tumour types? Neoplasia of the penis common?

A
  • TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, MCT
  • Osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma
    > uncommon but seen more in dog than cat
33
Q

What are common clinical signs of penile trauma?

A
  • haemorrhage
  • dysuria
  • extravasion of urine (check swellings, if contained urine will -> necrosis of tissues [more common in cats])
34
Q

When is extravasian of urine commonly seen?

A
  • cats, incorrect catheter placement -> damaging urether
35
Q

What is hypospadias?

A
  • developmental abnormality of male external genitalia
  • failure of fusion of urogenital folds and incomplete formation of penile urethra
    > puppy will usually be euthanized , but may not be noticeable if mild
36
Q

What is persistent frenulum? Tx?

A
  • immature dogs, incompletely separated penis and prepuce after puberty
  • Tx = sectioning under GA or sedation
37
Q

What is phimosis? Tx?

A
  • inability to protrude penis out of preputial orifice
  • congential/acquired
  • Tx = surgical enlargement and Tx underlying condition (eg. autoimmune disease -> scarring at mucocutaneous junction)
38
Q

Is preputial discharge normal?

A
  • some creamy discharge in mature dogs normal

- severe/blood tinged should be investigated

39
Q

What does dyschezia in the adult male dog usually indicate?

A

Prostatic enlargement

40
Q

causes of prostatic enlargement in the dog?

A
  • BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy)
  • Prostatitis/abscessation
  • prostatic cysts
  • Neoplasia
41
Q

What is BPH?

A
  • benign prostatic hypertrophy
  • commonest prostatic disease in entire male dogs
  • testosterone dependent
  • > UNIFORM symmetrical prostatic enlargement
  • dyschezia and rarely dysuria, haematuria/urethral bleeding
42
Q

How is Dx of BPH made?

A
  • PE, ultrasonography, bipsy rarely required
43
Q

Tx of BPH?

A

> castration as testosterone dependent
-> permenant involution within 3-12 weeks
medical Tx
- antiandrogens (osaterone acetate, Ypozone)
- synthetic progestagen (delmadinone acetate, Tardak)
- GnRH analogue (Deslorelin, Suprelorion)
- Oestrgoens - NOT recommended -> squamous metaplasia and other side effects
- faecal softeners)

44
Q

What pathology is the male equivalent to pyometra?

A

Prostatitis/prostatic abscessation

45
Q

Which spp. more commonly get prostatis/abscessation?

A
  • dogs (entire, due to secretory nature of prostate)
46
Q

What is prostatitis commonly due to?

A
  • UTI

- haematogenous spread

47
Q

What clinical signs may be assocated with prostatic abscessation? What diagnostics should be carried out?

A
  • purulent urethral discharge
  • systemic illness - VD+ PUPD dysuric, painful
  • occasionally collapse and septic shock
    > do haem/biochem, urinalysis and culture, cytology of aspirate, culture sense)
48
Q

How is Dx of prostatitis confirmed? hat else should be checked for?

A
  • PE, ultrasonography +- aspirate
  • rectal likely to be painful so not good
    > check for testicular involvement
49
Q

How can prostatic abscessation be differentiated from BPH on radiography?

A
  • BPH symmetrical

- abscessation assymetrical

50
Q

Tx of prostatic abscessation?

A

Draininge - complete (any remnants may leak into peritoneal cavity)

51
Q

Which sp are more prone to prostatic (parenchymal) and paraprostatic (periprostatic) cysts?

A

dog

52
Q

What is the aetiology of prostatic cyts?

A
  • unknown
  • likely due to secretory nature of prostate
  • 2* to squamous metaplasia, neoplaisa, resolved abscess, uterus masculinis remnant
53
Q

What clinical signs are asscoated with prostatic and paraprostatic cysts?

A
  • incidental finding
  • signs of rectal or UT obstruction
  • urethral discharge
  • NOT systemically sick
54
Q

Diagnositcs and Tx of prostatic cysts

A
  • Dx as for prostatic abscess (PE, ultrasound, +- aspirate)
  • Tx depends on location, size, clinical signs
    > rarely medical (aspirate)
    > usually surgical (castration, omentalisation)
    > biopsy cyst wall to check for neoplasia
55
Q

How may prostatic neoplasia be seen on xray?

A
  • bony changes around wings of ileum and sublumbar new bone formation
56
Q

Is prostatic neoplasia common in cats and dogs?

A

no rare

57
Q

Why is prostatic neoplasia different from many repro diseases?

A

Commonest prostatic disease in CASTRATED animals

58
Q

What are the commonest prostatic tumour types?

A
  • adenocarcinoma

- transitional cell carcinoma if developed from urethra

59
Q

Are prostatic tumours aggressive?

A

Yes, locally invasive, metastasise

60
Q

What clinical signs are associated with prostatic neoplasia?

A
  • weight loss
  • pain and HL lameness
  • dyschezia/dysuria
  • HL oedema
  • Prostate NOT always enlarged*
  • may be firm and irregular on palpation
61
Q

How is Dx of prostatic neoplasia confirmed?

A
  • Tru cut incisional biopsy under US guidance
62
Q

Prognosis of prostatic neoplasia? Tx?

A

Hopeless

  • Tx palliative eg. urethral stent, cystomotomy tube, NSAIDS (anticancer as well as analgesic)
  • prostatectomy rarely suitable option
63
Q

eg. of prostatic surgeries. Commonest?

A
  • Drainiage (omentalisation [commonest] drain insertion, marsupialisation)
  • Cyst resection
  • Biopsy
  • Prostatectomy (partial/total)

Reproduction (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions