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Dystocia Flashcards

1
Q

Define dystocia and eutopia

A
  • dystocia any birth that involves any intervention from farmer or vet
  • eutopia completely natural birth
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2
Q

What are the stages around parturition?

A
  • prodrome (pre-parturition)
  • parturition
  • puerperium (post-partum)
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3
Q

What may occour in puerperium?

A
  • NEB
  • mastitis
  • LDA/RDA
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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of parturition itself?

A
  1. positioning of foetus. cervical dilation, exposure of foetal membranes and possible rupture
  2. foetal expulsion
  3. placental expulsion
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5
Q

Are retained placental membranes a big problem in cows?

A

No, rarely goes systemic

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6
Q

See lecture for duration of each stage in spp.

A
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7
Q

What is the first sack to exit the birth canal?

A

Allantochorion

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8
Q

When should you interfere with calving?

A

~2hours without progress

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9
Q

How common is dystocia in mares, cows, ewes, does, sows, bitches and queens?

A

mares: 1-2% ponies, 10% draught
cow: 3-4% diary, beef higher
ewe: 2-3%
doe: 1-2%
sow: <1% feral, high in brachycephalics

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10
Q

Causes of dystocia? Broad categories?

A

> Maternal
- expulsion (1/2 uterine inertia; defective or inadequate straining)
- birth canal (failure of relaxation; torsion; inadequate pelvic diameter)
foetal
- size (large; monster)
- disposition (abnormal presentation, position or posture)

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11
Q

What Qs should be asked in the history of a dystocia case?

A
  • full term/early/overdue?
  • primigravida/multigravida
  • problems in pregnancy
  • when did straining begin?
  • water bag? foetal fluids? foetus?
  • Tx so far
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12
Q

What equipment would you need to take to a dystocia case?

A
  • parturition gown etc.
  • halter
  • head and leg snares or chains
  • lubrication
  • soap disinfectant cotton wool
  • syringes, local anaesthetic
  • ABx
  • calcium (tx uterine inertia)
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13
Q

Which animals usually stand to give birth and which lie dowm?

A

Sow lies down, cows mares and ewes generally stand

- not set in stone and more effort can be put into straining if lying down

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14
Q

What should the vulva, vagina and cervix be checked for on PE?

A
  • dilation, lubrication, injury - prive you didn’t do it!
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15
Q

What should the foetus be checked for on PE?

A
  • PPP (presentation, posture, position)
  • number and structure of foetal parts
  • live or dead? beware hypoxic foetuses will have dulled reflexes, feel for heart beat, pulses or eyeball tone
  • size relative to dam
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16
Q

How should a dead calf be removed?

A

Foetotomy not ceasar (will -> peritonitis)

17
Q

What forms of anaesthesia may be used?

A
  • none
  • epidural
  • paravertebral
  • inverted L
  • line block
    > sedation
    > GA
  • though these may cause cwo to lie down, difficult to do a ceasar
18
Q

What does the calves legs crossing over during parturition indicate?

A
  • pelvis too small
19
Q

How can a viable birth be decided v ceasar? How is this differnet in double muscled calves?

A
  • carpal joint 10cm outside cow with 2 people pulling = viable
  • double muscled calf only 1 person pulling as back end with be larger
20
Q

What position should the calf be put in once head is out?

A

Rotate 90 degrees for pelvis

21
Q

What effect does pulling the calf have on the calf itself?

A

Bradycardia and acidosis

-> give breaks!

22
Q

How does delivery of caudal presentation differ?

A
  • manually dilate vulva and vagina a lot
  • check umbilical cord as may -> asphyxia if squashed
  • hock 10cm outside with 2 people pulling = viable
  • deliver ASAP and pull DORSALLY
23
Q

What is the presentation of the calf?

A
  • relationship of longitudinal axis of foetus and dam
  • longitudinal anterior (normal)
  • longitudinal posterior
  • transverse (both sets of legs coming out together)
24
Q

What is the position of the calf?

A
  • relationship of dorsal surface of the foetus with surface of birth canal
  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • lateral
25
Q

What is the posture of the calf?

A
  • disposition of movable appendages of the foetus
  • limb flexions
  • neck flexions
  • head displacements
26
Q

Why may incorrect disposition occour?

A
  • weak uterine contractions
  • delayed foetal reflex development
  • weak foetal movements
  • competition uterine space
  • oversized calf
  • ankylosis of joints
27
Q

What after care is required for the mother?

A
  • check for trauma
  • ABx
  • oxytocin (strip udder to release OT and encourage milk let down, helps expulsion of uterus)
  • NSAIDS
28
Q

What after care is requiredfor the calf?

A
  • navel dipping

- check colostrum supply

Reproduction (30 decks)

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