Virus Pathogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 virus pathogenic mechanisms?

A
  • cell destruction following virus infection
  • virus induced changes to cellular gene expression (cellular transformation by tumour viruses)
  • immunopathogenic disease
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2
Q

What is an example of cell destruction following viral infection?

A

Death of T4+ cells by HIV

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3
Q

What are 2 examples of immunopathogenic disease?

A

-influenza A virus

Coxsackievirus- induced myocarditis

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4
Q

What are the site of viral entry? (7)

A
  • conjunctiva
  • arthropod
  • capillary
  • skin
  • respiratory tract
  • alimentary tract
  • urogenital tract
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5
Q

What kind of virus does the influenza A virus cause?

A

respiratory infection

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6
Q

What kind of infections does enterovirus cause?

A
  • enteric

- neurological

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7
Q

Describe the process of infection by the influenza A virus.

A
  • virus infects cells of the respiratory tract
  • destruction of respiratory epithelium
  • altered cytokine expression leading to fever
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8
Q

Name 2 examples of cytokines that when expression is altered can lead to fever.

A
  • interleukin-1

- interferon

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9
Q

What can cause a cytokine storm?

A

Avian influenza virus (H5N1)

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10
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

gradual evolution of viruses to generate antigenic variants

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11
Q

What is antigenic shift??

A

significant changes in virus antigenic structure

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12
Q

What plays a key role in generating new virus types through antigenic shift?

A

non-human hosts

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13
Q

Name 5 examples of conditions and the enterovirus they are caused by.

A
  • poliomyelitis (poliovirus)
  • aseptic meningitis (many enteroviruses)
  • myocarditis (coxsackie B viruses)
  • pancreatitis (coxsackie B viurses)
  • respiratory infection (many enteroviruses)
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14
Q

Give an example of a latent virus which has 2 types.

A
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Type 1 =cold sores
  • Type 2= genital lesions
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15
Q

Describe the process of infection by the latent herpes virus.

A
  • primary infection of epithelial cells
  • virus migrates to ganglia
  • virus remains latent in nucleus= no virus replication
  • stimuli such as sunlight reactivates virus
  • virus migration to epithelial cells leading to virus replication
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16
Q

Give 2 examples of viruses which can induce tumours and what they can cause.

A
  • Papillomaviruses- cervical carcinoma

- Retroviruses- lymphomas and leukaemias

17
Q

What does HTLV-1 cause and how is it transmitted?

A
  • variety of diseases including leukaemia (adult T cell lymphoma-leukaemia)
  • transmission by blood and mother to child
18
Q

What does HTLV-1 do?

A

modifies host cell gene expression using a transactivating protein (tax)

19
Q

Describe the process in which retrovirus can induce tumours.

A
  • virus infects cell
  • virus nucleic acid, as DNA , integrates into cellular genome
  • virus causes changes in cellular gene expression
  • uncontrolled cell multiplication and tumour formation