Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the local effects of a benign tumour? (2)

A
  • pressure

- obstruction

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2
Q

What are the local effects of a malignant tumour? (6)

A
  • pressure
  • obstruction
  • tissue destruction including ulceration and infection
  • bleeding including anaemia and haemorrhage
  • pain from pressure on nerves, perineural (tumours growing along the nerve fibres)infiltration and bone pain from pathological fractures
  • effects of treatment
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3
Q

What are the systemic effects of a malignant tumours? (4)

A
  • secretion of hormones
  • weight loss
  • paraneoplastic syndromes
  • effects of treatment
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4
Q

What is considered normal hormone production by tumours?

A
  • Produced by tumours of the endocrine organ

- there is abnormal control of hormone production/secretion

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5
Q

What is considered abnormal or inappropriate hormone production by tumours?

A

-produced by tumour from an organ that does not normally produce hormone

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6
Q

What are 2 examples of inappropriate hormone secretion

A
  • ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to produce steroid hormones in lung cancer
  • ADH in lung cancer
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7
Q

What is a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

It cannot be explained by local metastatic effects of tumours e.g. neuropathy or myopathy

  • Patients can present with these signs and symptoms rather than the classic symptoms associated with a specific cancer
  • Possibly caused by immune mechanism or the production of hormone/growth factor
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8
Q

Why is it important to detect cancer at an early stage?

A
  • to reduce/prevent morbidity/mortality

- detection at pre-invasive stage allows for identification of dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia

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9
Q

What is dysplasia?

A
  • It is a pre-malignant change
  • It is the earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised
  • It can progress to cancer
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10
Q

How is dysplasia characterised?

A
  • Identified in epithelium

- There is no invasion

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11
Q

What is the only difference between dysplasia and malignancy?

A

-The presence of invasion in malignancy

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12
Q

What are 3 features of dysplasia?

A
  • disorganisation of cell including increased nuclear size and mitotic activity and abnormal mitosis
  • Grading of dysplasia including high and low grades
  • no invasion
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13
Q

What does early detection of cancer require

A
  • an effective test that is sensitive/specific and acceptable
  • for example, cervical cancer screening
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14
Q

What is the aim of the NHS’s cervical cancer screening?

A

-to reduce incidence of squamous carcinoma of cervix by detection of dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix

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