Chronic Inflammation 1

Question 1

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 1

• Inflammation in which the cell population is especially lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.
• It features tissue/organ damage and loss of function

Question 2

How can chronic inflammation arise?

Answer 2

• It may follow form ongoing acute inflammation

- It may arise as primary pathology

Question 3

What are the clinical presentations of chronic inflammation/?

Answer 3

• no specific area of pain
• malaise and weight loss (i.e tuberculosis which has a systemic effect)
• loss of function

Question 4

Name 3 conditions in which there is loss of function.

Answer 4

-Autoimmune thyroiditis (functional gland destruction)=
hyperthyroidism
-Crohn’s disease (GI tract ulceration and fibrosis)= pain, diarrhoea, gut obstruction
-Leprosy (cutaneous nerve destruction) =loss of sensation

Question 5

When does acute inflammation become chronic?

Answer 5

When there is a large volume of damage with the inability to remove debris which leads to the failure of resolution

Question 6

When does chronic inflammation arise as a primary lesion?

Answer 6

When there is not preceding acute phase and chronic changes are only seen.

Question 7

What is organisation ?

Answer 7

• An outcome of acute inflammation
• granulation tissue is characteristic of organisation
• results in healing and repair
• leads to fibrosis and formation of a scar

Question 8

What is the mechanism and function of granulation tissue?

Answer 8

• Capillaries grow into the inflammatory mass and allow access of plasma proteins and macrophages from the blood and tissue.
• fibroblasts lay down collagen to repair the damage tissue and to replace the inflammatory exudate
• this patches the tissue defect, replaces the dead/necrotic tissue and allows or contraction/pulling together

Question 9

What are the products of granulation tissue?

Answer 9

• fibrous tissue in the form of a scar
• fibrosis which is adhesions between loops of bowel following peritonitis
• can cause progression to chronic inflammation

Question 10

ask Michael/Ben about slide 18 and 19

Answer 10

adek

Question 11

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

Answer 11

• lymphocytes
• plasma cells
• macrophages
• fibroblasts

Question 12

What tissue components are involved in chronic inflammation?

Answer 12

• granulation tissue

- collagen

Question 13

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 13

-cells in the immune system
-small round cells with lots of subtypes and functions
-main types are T-cell
and B-cell
-main functions are immune response and immune memory

Question 14

What are plasma cells?

Answer 14

• differentiated B-cell of intermediate size

- responsible for antibody production

Question 15

What are the mechanisms of B-cells?

Answer 15

• they differentiate to plasma cells for antibody production
• facilitate immune response
• act with macrophages = antigen presenting capacity
• immune memory

Question 16

What are the mechanisms of T-cells?

Answer 16

• produce cytokines
• produce interferons
• damage and kill other cells and destroy antigen

Question 17

What do cytokines do?

Answer 17

They attract and hold macrophages activating them and other cells such as lymphocytes altering permeability

Question 18

What do interferons do?

Answer 18

They have antiviral effects and they attract and stimulate other cells

Question 19

What are the mechanisms of NK cells?

Answer 19

NK cells destroy antigens and cells using granule proteins

Question 20

What do macrophages do?

Answer 20

-The remove debris and act as antigen presenting cells

Question 21

What are the mechanisms of macrophages?

Answer 21

• Move from the blood and take over from neutrophils.

- They contain enzymes such as lysozyme and produce interferons and other chemicals

Question 22

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 22

• Motile cells that are metabolically active

- They make and assemble structural proteins such as collagen