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POD > Tumour Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can cancer cells alter genetics?

A
  • loss of tumour suppressor genes

- gain of function of oncogenes

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2
Q

What are tumour-related proteins and what do they do?

A
  • proteins found in abnormally large quantities in cancerous cells
  • altered cellular function
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3
Q

Describe the function of oncogenes?

A

-normally switched off or function at very low levels in normal cells

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4
Q

Describe the function of tumour suppressor cells?

A

-genes function in normal cells to prevent abnormal cell proliferation

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5
Q

What are 4 properties of cancer cells?

A
  • altered genetics
  • altered cellular function
  • abnormal morphology
  • cells capable of independent growth

However, no single feature is unique to cancer cells

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6
Q

How does cancer affect cellular function? (3)

A
  • loss of cell-to-cell adhesion
  • altered cell-to-matrix adhesion
  • production of tumour-related proteins such as tumour biomarkers
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7
Q

What are 3 examples of tumour biomarkers?

A
  • onco-foetal proteins
  • oncogenes
  • growth factors and receptors
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8
Q

What are the clinical uses of tumour biomarkers?

A
  • screening
  • diagnosis
  • prognosis (patients specific outcome)
  • predictive (patients treatment plan)
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9
Q

What cancers can the alpha-fetoprotein be useful in?

A
  • teratoma of the testis

- hepatocellular carcinoma

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10
Q

What cancer can carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) be useful in?

A

colorectal cancer

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11
Q

What cancer can oestrogen receptor be useful in?

A

breast cancer

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12
Q

What cancer can prostate specific antigen be useful in?

A

prostate cancer

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13
Q

What type of cancer is Kras a biomarked for?

A

colorectal cancer

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14
Q

What type of cancer is EGFR a biomarker for?

A

lung cancer

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15
Q

What type of cancers is Her2 a biomarker for?

A
  • breast cancer

- gastric cancer

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16
Q

What type of cancer is Braf a biomarker for?

A

melanoma

17
Q

How do cancer cells appear?

A
  • show cellular and nuclear pleomorphism
  • marked variation in shape and size
  • mitosis present and often abnormal
18
Q

What is tumour growth a balance between?

A
  • cell growth and death
  • angiogenesis
  • apoptosis
19
Q

How does angiogenesis benefit the spread of cancer?

A
  • New blood vessels are formed by tumours
  • They are required to sustain cell growth
  • They provide a route for release of tumour cells into circulation
  • More blood vessels in a tumour equals poorer prognosis.
20
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

21
Q

What is the role of apoptosis in cancer

A
  • regulates tumour growth

- involved in response to chemo/radiotherapy

22
Q

What does the prognosis of cancer depend on?

A

the extent of cancer spread

23
Q

What is a major clinical problem of cancer?

A

the formation of metastatic tumours

24
Q

What does invasion and metastasis result in?

A
  • increased matrix degradation by proteolytic enzymes

- altered cell-to-cell and cell-to=matrix adhesion

25
Q

What are the modes of spread of cancer?

A
  • local spread
  • lymphatic spread
  • blood spread
  • trans-coelomic spread
26
Q

Describe the process of tumours cells spreading to show clinical evidence of metastasis.

A
  • malignant tumour
  • invasion into connective tissue
  • invasion into lymph/blood vessels
  • adherence of tumour cells to lymph vessels
  • invasion from lymphatics
  • invasion into lymph node
  • formation of metastasis in lymph node
  • clinical evidence of metastasis
27
Q

What is trans-coelomic spread?

A

Spread of tumour cells across body cavities e.g. pleural or peritoneal cavities

28
Q

Tumours of what organs show trans-coelomic spread?

A
  • lung
  • stomach
  • colon
  • ovary
29
Q

What is tumour metastasis dependent on?

A

Tumour and tissue related factors

30
Q

What are the common sites of metastasis?

A
  • liver
  • lung
  • brain
  • bone (axial skeleton)
  • adrenal gland
31
Q

What are uncommon sites of metastasis?

A
  • spleen
  • kidney
  • skeletal muscle
  • heart
32
Q

Where do breast tissue commonly metastasise to?

A

bone

33
Q

Where do colorectal tumours commonly metastasise to?

A

liver

POD (54 decks)

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