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POD > Chronic Inflammation 2 > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation characterised by?

A

presence of granulomas in tissues and organ

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2
Q

What is granulomatous tissue stimulated by?

A

indigestible antigen that the body cannot get rid of

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3
Q

What does granulomatous inflammation cause?

A

many serious infections and idiopathic diseases

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4
Q

What are granulomas?

A
  • aggregates of epithelioid macrophages in tissues
  • may contain giant cells
  • may surround dead material
  • may be surrounded by lymphocytes
  • contain neutrophils, eosinophils
  • response to indigestible antigen
  • many are type IV hypersensitivity reactions
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5
Q

What are giant cells?

A
  • the fusion of macrophages to form larger cells

- large cytoplasm: multiple nuclei

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6
Q

What are Langhans type cells?

A
  • classically found in TB
  • peripheral rim of nuclei
  • large eosinophilic cytoplasm
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7
Q

Describe foreign bodies in granulomatous tissue?

A
  • often associated with pyogenic granulation tissue
  • acutely inflamed
  • neutrophils, pus
  • organisation
  • giant cells
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8
Q

What can vacuoles containing silicone arise from?

A

ruptured silicone implants

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9
Q

When are Warthin-Finkeldy rarely seen?

A

in measles

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10
Q

What are 3 examples of granulomatous diseases?

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Leprosy
  • Syphilis
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11
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

dead tissue surrounded by macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes

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12
Q

What drug combination kills the pathogen that causes leprosy?

A
  • dapson
  • rifampicin
  • clofazimine
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13
Q

What are 3 examples of condition that involve non-infective granulomas?

A
  • rheumatoid disease
  • sarcoidosis
  • Crohn’s disease
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14
Q

Describe the basic mechanism of wound healing?

A
  • phase of acute inflammation
  • granulations tissue formation
  • local angiogenesis
  • fibrosis and scar formation
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15
Q

Describe surgical wound healing?

A
  • healing by primary intention
  • minimal gap-blood clot forms
  • small amount of granulation tissue
  • small linear scar
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16
Q

Describe healing of larger defects?

A
  • healing by secondary intention
  • lots of granulation tissue ingrowth
  • contraction and scarring
17
Q

What is the sequence of events from wound to repair?

A
  • injury, blood clot, acute inflammation, fibrin
  • many growth factors and cytokines involved
  • granulation tissue growth- angiogenesis
  • phagocytosis of fibrin
  • myofibroblasts move in and lay down collagen
  • contraction of scar
  • re-epithelialisation
18
Q

What improves wound healing?

A
  • cleanliness
  • apposition of edges
  • sound nutrition
  • metabolic stability and normality
  • normal inflammatory and coagulation mechanisms
  • local mediator involvement
19
Q

What impairs wound healing?

A
  • dirty,gaping wound with large hematoma
  • poorly nourished, lack of vitamin C,A
  • abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes, corticosteroid therapy
  • inhibition of angiogenesis
20
Q

How does fracture healing differ from wound healing?

A

It is a modified situation in bone as there has to be repair of bony structure as well as soft tissue

21
Q

Describe the sequence of events in fracture healing?

A
  • trauma, fracture, hematoma
  • bits of dead bone and soft tissue
  • acute inflammation, organisation, granulation tissue, macrophages remove debris
  • granulation tissue contains osteoblasts as well as fibroblasts
22
Q

Describe callus formation.

A
  • osteoblasts lay down woven bone
  • nodules of cartilage present
  • followed by bone remodelling
23
Q

What does bone remodelling involve?

A
  • osteoclasts remove dead bone
  • progressive replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone
  • reformation of cortical and trabecular bone
24
Q

What stimulates proliferation in angiogenesis?

A

VEGF released by hypoxic cells

25
Q

What does angiogenesis and organisation in thrombosis do?

A
  • limits thrombus propagation

- reinstatement of flow

26
Q

What role does angiogenesis play in malignant tumours?

A
  • angiogenesis occurs as tumour grows

- potential for therapeutic control

27
Q

What role does fibrosis and scarring play in atherosclerosis?

A

-similarities with chronic inflammation

POD (54 decks)

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