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Virology Flashcards

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1
Q

Adenovirus

A

DNA Naked Double stranded
Most common cause of TONSILLITIS
•Hemorrhagic cystitis
•Viral conjunctivitis

Transmission: Respiratory droplet, Feco-oral route

Vaccination: Live attenuated

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2
Q

BK Virus

A

Naked
double stranded
CIRCULAR

Hemorrhagic cystitis
Nephropathy
Transplant patients

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3
Q

JC Virus

A

Naked
DOUBLE STRANDED
CIRCULAR

Area: Oligodendrocytes

Progressive Multifocal LEUKOEncephalopathy - demyelinating

NON ENHANCING lesions on CT and MRI

CD4 <200

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4
Q

The protein shell, or coat that encloses the nucleic acid genome

A

Capsid

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5
Q

Morphologic units seen in the electron microscope on the surface of icosahedral virus particles

A

Capsomeres

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6
Q

A virus particle that is functionally deficient in some aspect of replication

A

Defective virus

Ex Hepa D

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7
Q

A lipid-containing membrane that surrounds some virus particles

A

Envelope

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8
Q

The protein nucleic acid complex representing the packaged form of viral genome

A

Nucleocapsid

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9
Q

The complete virus particle

A

Virion

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10
Q

Hepatitis B virion

A

Dane

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11
Q

Modes of Viral Multiplication

A

The host cell is absolutely necessary for viral multiplication

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12
Q

Multiplication cycles in animal viruses

A 
Adsorption
Penetration
Uncoating
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
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13
Q

Virus encounters susceptible host cells
Adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane
Because of the exact fit required, viruses have a limited host range

A

Adsorption

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14
Q

Flexible cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid

A

Penetration

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15
Q

Entire virus engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole or vesicle

A

Endocytosis

Form ofPenetration

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16
Q

The viral envelope can also directly fuse with the host cell membrane

A

Penetration

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17
Q

Enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid

The virus is now uncoated

A

Uncoating

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18
Q

Free viral nucleic acid exerts control over the host’s synthetic and metabolic machinery

DNA viruses enter host cell’s nucleus where they are replicated and assembled

DNA enters the nucleus and is transcripted into RNA

The RNA becomes a message for synthesizing viral proteins (translation)

New DNA is synthesized using host nucleotides

RNA viruses recplicated and assembled in the cytoplasm

A

Synthesis

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19
Q

Only DNA virus that replicates in cytoplasm

A

Pox virus

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20
Q

Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts

A

Assembly

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21
Q

Nonenveloped and complex viruses are released when the cell lyse or ruptures

Enveloped viruses are liberated by budding or exocystosis

Anywhere from 3,000 to 100,000 virions may be released, depending on the virus

Entire length of cycle - anywhere from 8 to 36 hours

A

Release

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22
Q

Stages of Viral Infection in the Cellular Level

A

Viral interactions with a host’s cell surface
Viral entry into a host cell
Viral gene expression and replication
Viral assembly and release

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23
Q

Only DNA Hepadna virus

A

Hepa B

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24
Q

Single stranded DNA

A

Parvoviridae

Circoviridae

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25
Q

Picornaviridae

A

Polio

Hepatitis A

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26
Q

Bullet-shaped virus

A

Rhabdoviridae

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27
Q

Crown-shaped spike

A

Corona virus

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28
Q

Viruses can directly damage host cells by entering them and replicating at the host’s expense

Viruses may inhibit host cell DNA, RNA or protein synthesis

Viral proteins may directly damage host cell’s plasma membrane

Viruses may lyse host cells

Viruses may manipulate programmed cell death

Viruses nay cause malignant transformation

A

Mechanism of viral injury

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29
Q

Viruses that lead to malignant transformation

Hep B, Hep C
HPV
EBV (NPC, Burkitt’s, Hodgkin)

A

Oncogenic virus

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30
Q

Four main morphological virus types

A

Helical virus
Icosahedron virus
Enveloped virus
Complex virus

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31
Q

Iceberg concept of infection

A

Base: exposure without attachment (below visual change) or entry; exposure without infection (subclinical)
Viral multiplication without visible change or incomplete viral maturation (below visual change) or infections without clinical illness (asymptomatic infection)

Discernible effect/Apex: inclusion body formation, cell transformation, cell dysfunction

Clinical disease/Apex: moderate severity, mild illness; classic and severe disease (clinical disease)

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32
Q

RBC viral predilection

A 
Parvo B19 (DNA)
Pure red cell aplasia

Colorado tick fever virus (RNA)

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33
Q

Monocyte-macrophages predilection

A

CMV (DNA)

Poliovirus, HIV, measles (RNA)

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34
Q

No cell associated type but bloodstream

A

Togavirus

Picornavirus

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35
Q

Lymphocyte predilection

A

EBV, CMV, Hepa V, JC, BK (DNA)

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36
Q

Common cold viral cause

A

Rhinovirus
Adeno (infant and children)
Corona (adult)

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37
Q

Pharyngitis viral cause

A

Adenovirus
HSV (infant)
Coxsackie A (children, adult)

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38
Q

Laryngitis or croup viral cause
Tracheobronchitis

Hoarseness “barking” cough

A

Parainfluenza

Influenza

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39
Q

Bronchiolitis viral cause

Pneumonia

A

RSV

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40
Q

Subtypes of inlfuenza

A

A, B, C

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41
Q

2 major influenza antigens

A

Hemagluttinin (H)
Neuramidase (N)

16 H And 9 N

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42
Q

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

A

Avian flu

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43
Q

Influenza A virus subtype H1N1

A

Swine flu

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44
Q

Most famous segmented virus

A

Influenza an orthomyxovirus

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45
Q

8 segments that can reassort antigenic drifts and shifts

A

Influenza A

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46
Q

The two surface antigens of influenza undergo antigenic variation independent of each other

Minor antigenic change is termed

Causes seasonal variation

A

Antigenic drift

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47
Q

Major antigenic change in HA or NA is called

Results in appearance of a new subtype as in epidemic

A

Antigenic shift

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48
Q

Antigenic drift is caused by

A

Accumulation of point mutations in gene

Resulting in amino acid changes in the protein

Sequence changes can alter antigenic sites

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49
Q

Reflects drastic changes in the sequence of a viral surface protein, changes too extreme to be explained by mutation

The segmented genomes of influenza viruses reassort readily in double infected cells

A

Antigenic shift

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50
Q

All three types of influenza exhibit antigenic drift

Only this type that undergoes antigenic shift because the other types are restricted to humans

Influenza A circulate in animal and bird populations

Account for antigenic shift by genetic reassortment of the glycoprotein genes

A

Influenza A

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51
Q

Family Parvoviridae

Affects RBCs

A

Parvo virus

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52
Q

4 Syndromes Associated with Parvo viridae

A

Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease)
Transient aplastic crisis (underlying hemolysis)
Pure red cell aplasia (immunodeficiencies)
Hydrops fetalis

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53
Q

Slapped cheek appearance

Lacy appearing rash

A

Erythema infectiosum
Fifth’s disease
Parvo B19

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54
Q

Causes of hemorrhagic fever

A

Filovirus

Marburg virus
Ebola virus

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55
Q

Flu like symptoms
Stomach ache
Impaired kidney and liver function

Both internal and external bleeding

Rash, red eyes, hiccup

A

Ebola virus

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56
Q

Acute febrile illness associated with abrupt onset of headache, myalgia, fever leading to -> rash, shock and bleeding

A

Ebola virus

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57
Q

Biosafety Level 4 Pathogens due to their high associated mortality rate and aerosol infectivity

A

Marburg virus

Ebola virus

58
Q

Biosafety Level 4

A

Ebola

Smallpox

59
Q

Biosafety Level 3

A

H1N1
Yersinia
TB
SARS

60
Q

Has 5 species named for their original sites of recognition

All 5 are found in Africa (Zaire, Sudan, Cote d’ Ivore, Bundigbugyo) except

A

Reston

61
Q

Reston virus was exported from the

A

Philippines has caused fatal infections in monkeys

Cynomolgus macaque

62
Q

Most severe Ebola outbreak in history (2014)

Started in Guinea on March 2014

Guinea
Liberia
Sierra Leone

A

West African Ebola Virus

63
Q

Successful antiviral used for Ebola and now probable treatment for Corona

A

Remdesivir

64
Q

Ebola and Marburg replicate well in all cell types including

A

Endothelial cells
Macrophages
Parenchymal cells

65
Q

Earliest involvement in Ebola in macaques are the

A

Mononuclear pahgocyte system (responsible for initiation of disease process)

66
Q

Ebola virus on light microscopy

A

Liver necrosis
Councilman bodies
Intracellular inclusion bodies

67
Q

Eosinophil inclusion bodies

Apoptotic bodies

A

Councilman bodies

68
Q

Conditions where councilman bodies are seen

A

Ebola virus
Viral hepatitis
Yellow fever

69
Q

High circulating levels of these are seen in Ebola (Zaire)

A

Proinflammatory cytokines

70
Q

Cytokine storm leads to

A

Lung injury
Renal failure
Heart failure
Pathway complement

71
Q

Incubation of Ebola

A

7-10 days

72
Q

Fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, N/V

A

Ebola

73
Q

Ebola virus dx

A

ELISA - sensitive

PCR

74
Q

Ebola tx

A

No specific therapy available

75
Q

FDA approved EBOLA vaccine

A

ERVEBO
rVSV ZEBOV

for Zaire Ebola

76
Q

Tx for Ebola Monoclonal antibody FDA approved reducing viral load in

A

Regeneron

77
Q

EBV CA

A

Burkitt’s
NPC
B cell lymphoma
Hairy leukoplakia in AIDS

78
Q

Chronic HBV

A

Primary Hepatocellular CA

79
Q

Chronic HCV

A

Primary Hepatocellular CA

80
Q

HPV CA

A 
Cervical 16,18 
Vulvar
Vaginal
Penile
Anogenital
81
Q

HTLV1 CA

A

CD4+ T cell leukemia/lymphoma

82
Q

HHV8 CA

A

Kaposi sarcoma

83
Q

HPV 1, 2, 4, 63

A

Verruca plantaris

Plantar wart

84
Q

Cervical CA is associated with

A

HPV 16 18

85
Q

Paralytic poliomyelitis and ASEPTIC MENINGITIS

feco oral route

A

Poliovirus

86
Q

Polio types are classified according to structural differences in the capsid proteins

A

Serotype 1 (most virulent)
2
3

87
Q

According to effect

A

Paralytic polio

Non-paralytic polio

88
Q

Polio virus predilection with

A

Anterior Horn Cell

89
Q

Replicates in the pharynx and GI tract and results in death of motor neurons of

A

Anterior horn cell of spinal cord

90
Q

Flu-like symptoms

Sore throat, fever

A

Non-paralytic polio

91
Q

Paresthesia
Meningitis
Paralysis (Acute flaccid paralysis-AFP)
Weakness in arms, legs

A

Paralytic polio

92
Q

Inoculation of live attenuated polio virus

Orally; Risk of post-polio syndrome

Can infect cells “gut immunity”

A

Albert Sabin

93
Q

Inoculation of dead polio virus by injection

A

Jonas Salk

94
Q 
Aseptic meningitis
Herpangina
Pleurodynia
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
A

Coxsackieviruses

95
Q

Defined by their pathogenecity in mice

A

Group A and B

96
Q

Coxsackievirus mode of transmission

Initial site of infection is the oropharynx or GI tract, then spreads through the bloodstream

A

Fecal-oral route

97
Q

Pleurodynia (Bornholm disease)
Myocarditis
Pericarditis

A

Coxackie B

98
Q

Herpangina

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

A

Coxsackie virus

99
Q

Enterovirus family

Coxsackie virus A16

A

Hand foot mouth disease

100
Q

Double stranded RNA genome composed of 11 segments

Six groups A to F

A

Rotavirus

101
Q

Principal cause of human disease

A

Group A Rotavirus

102
Q

Only groups A, B and C are known to cause disease in humans

A

Rotavirus

103
Q

Attenuated virus Rotarix

Rotateq

A

Rotavirus

104
Q

Adverse effect of attenuated virus Rotatrix, Rotateq

A

Intussuception

105
Q

First dose of rotavirus should be given after

A

6 weeks of age

No longer recommended after 2 years and above

106
Q

Leading cause of morbidity in Filipino children diarrhea

A

Rota virus

107
Q

Gold standard for Dx of rotavirus

A

Viral culture

108
Q

Sixth disease
Exanthem subitum
Roseola infantum

6 months and 2 years

A

HHV6

109
Q

Condylomata acuminatum

A

HPV

110
Q

Condyloma lata

A

Syphilis

111
Q

Hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV

112
Q

SSPE

A

Measles

113
Q

Subacute spongiform encephalopathy

A

Prion

114
Q

PMLE

A

JC Virus

115
Q

SARS

A

Coronavirus

116
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

RSV

117
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Rubella

118
Q

Anterior horn cell

A

Polio

119
Q

Trigeminal root ganglion

A

HSV 1

120
Q

B lymphocytes

A

EBV

121
Q

Sacral nerve ganglia

A

HSV2

122
Q

DRG

A

VZV

123
Q

Fibrolast

A

CMV

124
Q

The viral disease that has affected humans throughout recorded history

Earliest physical evidence of smallpox: pustular radh on mummified body of

A

Paharaoh Ramses V of Egypt

Smallpox

125
Q

Introduced vaccination with live cowpox in 1798

A

Edward Jenner

126
Q

Control of smallpox by deliberate infection with mild forms (ie vaccinia) of the disease

A

Variolation

127
Q

In 1967 WHO introduced a worldwide campaign to eradicate smallpox

Case fatality rate decreased fron 25% to 1%

Officially declared eliminated in 1980

Elimination

A

Smallpox

Reduction to 0 of incidence

128
Q

Identifed by CDC as first AIDS patient in 1981

A

Ken Horne

129
Q

Largest and most complex of virus

Infections are characterized by a rash

A

Poxvirus

130
Q

Morphologically distinctive

Exhibit a crisscross pattern

A

Parapoxvirus

131
Q

Entire multiplication cycle takes place in the plasm cytoplasm of cells

A

Poxvirus

132
Q

More virulent

A

Variola

133
Q

Vaccinia

A

Less virulent

134
Q

Benign epidermal tumor that occurs only in hunands

Caused by molluscipoxvirus genus

A

Molluscim contagiosum

135
Q

Lesions are small, pink, wart-like tumors on the face, arms, back and buttocks

Typical lesion is an umbiillicated lesion

Direct contact and indirect contact (barbers, commo use of towels, swimming pools)

Increasing incidence as an STD in young adults

A

Molluscum contagiosum

136
Q

Guarnieri bodies

A

Variola (smallpox)

137
Q

Cowdry A virus

A

HSV/VZV

138
Q

Cowdry Type B bodies

A

Polio

Adenovirus

139
Q

Warthin Finkeldey

A

Measles

140
Q

Negri bodies

A

Rabies

141
Q

Henderson-Peterson bodies

A

Molluscum contagiosum

142
Q

Owl’s eye bodies

A

CMV

Microbiology (16 decks)

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