Virology Flashcards
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
do viruses always cause disease?
no
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
about ___% of the human genome consists of retrovirus-like sequences
10
how could retroviruses potentially affect human evolution?
by possibly turning other genes on/off
what is the only type of cell that can carry sequences down generations?
germ cells
T/F the koala retrovirus can be spread vertically or horizontally
true
do these ancient retroviruses do anything? why/why not
no; they are crippled in ways that make them poor at replication
syncytin is a viral gene belonging to ___ retrovirus
endogenous
what is syncytin?
ancient cell attachment protein
syncytin is located on human chromosome # __
7
syncytin is essential to the development of ___ in humans
placenta
syncytin is required to make which layer of the placenta? what is its function?
syncytiotroplast layer; maintains semipermeable barrier between mother/fetus
T/F humans capture viral genes, but viruses also capture human genes
true
the circular shape of KSHV (a human herpesvirus) plays a role in its ability to __
replicate in a host cell
T/F KSHV contains genes from our primate ancestors
true
what is the role of human genes in a viral genome?
makes it easier for virus to infect and evade host immune system
what is the first written record of virus infection?
a hieroglyph in Memphis Egypt in 3700 BC of a priest with paralytic poliomyelitis
what two viruses have been identified in ancient depictions and remains?
polio and smallpox
what is the definition of “virus”?
submicroscopic obligate intracellular parasites
can viruses be detected by a light microscope?
no
virus is latin for __
poison/toxin
can viruses live independent of a host?
no
how are viruses produced?
they are assembled from pre-made components
do viruses divide?
no
what is the name for virus particles?
virions
do virions divide?
no
viruses lack the genetic information to perform what 2 functions that would be needed if it was not in a host?
- metabolic activity
2. protein synthesis
viruses can be described as simple Darwinian ___s
machines
T/F viruses target a specific host
true
T/F viruses multiply but do not grow
true
outside of a host cell, viruses are ___
complex assemblies of metabolically inert chemicals
inside a host cell viruses can be thought of as alive (T/F)
true
what are three shapes of viruses?
- filamentous
- bacteriophage
- surrounded by lipid envelope
compare the size of viruses to bacteria
viruses are smaller
in electron microscopy, the sample is placed on what type of grid? (chemical composition)
copper
what is the purpose of staining with heavy atoms in electron microscopy?
allows for enough diffraction of electrons so the sample structures can be seen
what are the 3 physical properties of viruses?
- capsid
- genome
- optional components (tegument and envelopes)
what is a capsid?
a protein shell
what are the 4 types of possible genomes for viruses?
ds/ss DNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA and -ssRNA
what is the role of a virus particle?
package viral genomes in infected cells and transmit them to new host cells
are virus particles infectious?
np
what is a virion?
a complete infectious virus particle
in order to be successful, a virion must do what 5 things?
- be correctly made
- escape the cell
- survive the extracellular environment
- attach and enter another host
- release viral genome
what is a virus capsid?
symmetrical protein container for the viral genome
the virus capsid protects the genome from what 3 things? Give an example for each
- physical damage (mechanical force)
- chemical damage (UV)
- enzymatic damge (nucleases/defense)
protein subunits in a virus capsid are multiply redundant, which means ___
they are present in many copies
what are capsomeres?
protein subunits that make up a capsid
T/F damage to 1/more capsid subunits destroys the infectivity of the whole viral particle
false
T/F capsid can take damage without destroying the virion
true
what are the 4 morphologies of virus capsids?
- helical
- icosahedral
- enveloped
- complex
a tobacco mosaic virus is an example of what morphology?
helical
what is the simplest type of capsid morphology?
helical
describe the structure of helical capsids
single type of capsomer stacked around axis making a helical shape and a hollow center
where is the genome housed in a helical capsid?
in the hollow center
what type of genome do most helical capsids have?
ssRNA
how do capsomers bind to the genome in a helical capsid? Are they species specific?
by charge interactions (therefor not species specific)
what determines the length / diameter of helix in helical capsids
number of nucleotides in genome
if tabacco mosaic RNA and coat protein are put together, will virus particles form spontaneously?
yes
helical viruses are in what free energy state?
minimum
T/F human viruses show helical structures
false
many animal viruses take on what capsid morphology?
icosahedral
poliovirus, adenovirus and Hep A all have what type of capsid morphology?
icosahedral
what are the 4 benefits of the icosahedral shape of viruses?
- strength
- resistance to force
- tight packing of viral genome
- genetically inexpensive ( can be made from a few repeating subunits)
T/F icoashedral capsids usually accomodate all types of viral genome
true
many icosahedral viruses are enteric which is __
naked icosahedral
what part of the body is most commonly infected by enteric icosahedral viruses?
GI tract
how is the shape of an icosahedral capsid advantageous for the GI tract?
it gives it the strength to survive the harsh conditions
in enveloped viruses, the space between the envelope and the capsid has ___
viral tegument
what is viral tegument?
made of protein and RNA
KSHV-8, influenza and HIV are examples of what type of virus morphology?
enveloped
some viruses envelope themselves in host membranes derived from ____ (2)
- plamsa membrane
2. internal membranes (nuc, ER etc)
a viral envelope is studded with ___ (2)
- virus encoded glycoproteins
2. captured host proteins
how are viral proteins glycosylated?
with host sugars in ER and golgi aparatus
what are the 2 types of viral glycosylation?
- N–glycosylation
2. O–glycosylation
what is N–glycosylation?
addition of sugar on amide of asparagine
what is O–glycosylation?
addition of sugar to serine /threonine
sugar decorations on the surface of viruses are often critical to what process?
protein function
influenza has 2 main glycoproteins__
- hemaglutinin (HA)
2. neuramidase (NA)
what is hemaglutinin (HA)?
a lectin that binds siallic acid receptor on cell surface, allowing binding and entry
what is neuramidase (NA)?
enzyme that cleaves silalic acid, allowing progeny to be released from host
describe the structure of capsid in complex virus
not purely icosohedral or helical, may have extra structures such as protein tail and complex out wall
describe the structure of bacteriophage T4 (4)
- dsDNA
- helical tail
- hexagonal base
- protein tail
each mL of seawater has about how many virus particles?
10 million
T/F we carry viral genomes as part of our own genetic makeup
true
what is a zoonotic infection?
can cross species barriers
marine viruses affect the ___ cycle
carbon
T/F microbes represent a large majority of the ocean’s biomass
true
what is the research of the Suttle lab at UBC based on?
ocean viruses
whales are often infected by what virus? What are the symptoms?
calci virus; rashes, blisters, diarrhea
what are the 8 human herpes viruses?
HSV-1, HSV2, HCMV, VZV, EBV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
T/F human herpesvirus is a persistent lifelong infection that is typically asymptomatic
true
are there fossil records for viruses?
no
how are viruses detected from ancient remains?
found in the genomes of hosts
what are retroviruses?
RNA viruses that insert a copy of their DNA into the host genome
