Lecture 1: Introduction to Microbio and Immunology Flashcards
microorganisms have evolved over __ years
4 billion years
our understanding of microbio is based on what?
a small sample of what we can isolate and grow
the link between micro and immunology is critical to: (4)
- the planet
- human health and medicine
- biotechnology
- therapeutics
the first modified microscope was invented by
Antony Van Leeuwenhook
the first description of bacteria was by __ and described as ___
Leeuwenhook; “wee animalcules”
who discovered vaccination in 1796? How?
Edward Jenner
injecting with cowpox and they got a mild form, but no sickness
who performed the swan neck experiment?
Louis Pasteur
which experiment disproved Aristotle’s theory of spontaneous generation
swan neck
who performed a similar experiment to the swan neck, but with maggots?
Reddi
who discovered the cause of “consumption”?
Robert Koch
who had the first methods for identifying organisms in pure culture?
Koch
who developed the solid growth media and sterile technique?
Koch
who was essential to causative agent debates?
Koch
what are the 4 Koch’s Postulates?
- the suspected causal agent must always be associated with the disease
- it must be isolated from an infected individual and be grown in pure culture
- when a healthy host is inoculated with the SCA, they must develop the symptoms
- the SCA must be re-isolated from infected host
who had the initial discovery of phagocytosis and innate immune system?
Elie Metchnikoff
who discovered penicillin?
Flemming
who discovered the DNA helix?
Watson and Crick
Sanger used the ____ method and could identify the physical sequence of ____ in DNA fragments
chain termination; nucleotides
Sanger was the first to sequence and entire ___
bacteriophage DNA genome
who discovered insulin?
Banting
it was once believed that ___ was the coding part of life
protein
who developed PCR?
Kary Mullis
what does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
who discovered that DNA replicates with enzymes?
Kornberg
Mullis set out to build DNA in what shape?
Tube
what did Micheal Smith (Canadian) discover?
Site directed mutagenesis
site directed mutagenesis works to specifically alter ___ in a DNA sequence
nucleic acid sequence
site directed mutagenesis allows for exact determination of how DNA works as ___
the blue-print of life
what did Marshal and Warren discover? what is the significance?
Heliobacter pylori: causal agent in may gastro cancers
what is the normal flora?
MO that co-exist in a host without being harmful
when can normal flora be dangerous?
when it gets trapped in places it shouldnt be
Campbell and Omura won a Nobel Prize for__
new therapy against roundworm parasites (avermectin drug)
the drug “avermectin” is naturally produced by __ which inhibits many __
streptomyces bacteria; phyllarial parasites
YouYou Tu won a Nobel Prize for therapy against __ using ___, which is made of ___
therapy against malaria by Artemisinin, which is made by sweet wormwood
traditional medicine consists of ___ compounds that can be ____ for improvements
natural; reverse engineered
who introduced the ability to stitch pieces of DNA together to make simple engineered organism?
Craig Venter et.al
what is consumption?
respiratory disease
what are the symptoms of consumption?
weakness, phlem build-up, sometimes with blood
what is the cause of consumption?
mycobacterium tuberculosis
pure culture allows for MO to be grown in pure, almost ___ conditions, so it is an ____, pure source
sterile; isolated
a pure sample allows for ____ and to perform ___ tests
identification; empirical
what was Elie Metchnikoff’s field of study?
embryology studying starfish
in what year was penicillin discovered?
1928
the discovery of the ___ disproved the belief that protein was the coding part of life
helix
thanks to Mullis’ discovery of PCR, any ___ can be studied in isolation
gene
before PCR, work was limited by ability to ___
synthesize DNA
what happens in the annealing phase of PCR?
2 smalle primers will anneal at opposite ends of complimentary DNA strands
what happens in the extension phase of PCR?
enzyme polymerization of a new strand
end product of PCR
2 copies of template DNA
DNA generated by PCR is dependent on the ___ used
primers
site directed mutagenesis was the start of discoveries into: ___ function, how ___ work (__coding), human genetic ___, leading to genetic___ discovery
gene; proteins (amino acids); fingerprinting; genetic disease
Micheal smith shared his Nobel prize with __-
Muliis
Mullis ___ pieces of DNA and Smith ___ sequences of DNA in a defined way
engineered; altered/changed
the combined work of Mullis and Smith allows for exact determination of how __ works and the effects of ___
DNA; changes
normal flora can be mutually __ or __-
commensal/ beneficial
2 examples of diseases caused by round worm parasites
elephantitis, river blindness
