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Microbiology 2100 > Lecture 1: Introduction to Microbio and Immunology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction to Microbio and Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microorganisms have evolved over __ years

A

4 billion years

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2
Q

our understanding of microbio is based on what?

A

a small sample of what we can isolate and grow

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3
Q

the link between micro and immunology is critical to: (4)

A
  1. the planet
  2. human health and medicine
  3. biotechnology
  4. therapeutics
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4
Q

the first modified microscope was invented by

A

Antony Van Leeuwenhook

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5
Q

the first description of bacteria was by __ and described as ___

A

Leeuwenhook; “wee animalcules”

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6
Q

who discovered vaccination in 1796? How?

A

Edward Jenner

injecting with cowpox and they got a mild form, but no sickness

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7
Q

who performed the swan neck experiment?

A

Louis Pasteur

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8
Q

which experiment disproved Aristotle’s theory of spontaneous generation

A

swan neck

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9
Q

who performed a similar experiment to the swan neck, but with maggots?

A

Reddi

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10
Q

who discovered the cause of “consumption”?

A

Robert Koch

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11
Q

who had the first methods for identifying organisms in pure culture?

A

Koch

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12
Q

who developed the solid growth media and sterile technique?

A

Koch

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13
Q

who was essential to causative agent debates?

A

Koch

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14
Q

what are the 4 Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. the suspected causal agent must always be associated with the disease
  2. it must be isolated from an infected individual and be grown in pure culture
  3. when a healthy host is inoculated with the SCA, they must develop the symptoms
  4. the SCA must be re-isolated from infected host
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15
Q

who had the initial discovery of phagocytosis and innate immune system?

A

Elie Metchnikoff

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16
Q

who discovered penicillin?

A

Flemming

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17
Q

who discovered the DNA helix?

A

Watson and Crick

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18
Q

Sanger used the ____ method and could identify the physical sequence of ____ in DNA fragments

A

chain termination; nucleotides

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19
Q

Sanger was the first to sequence and entire ___

A

bacteriophage DNA genome

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20
Q

who discovered insulin?

A

Banting

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21
Q

it was once believed that ___ was the coding part of life

A

protein

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22
Q

who developed PCR?

A

Kary Mullis

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23
Q

what does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

24
Q

who discovered that DNA replicates with enzymes?

A

Kornberg

25
Q

Mullis set out to build DNA in what shape?

A

Tube

26
Q

what did Micheal Smith (Canadian) discover?

A

Site directed mutagenesis

27
Q

site directed mutagenesis works to specifically alter ___ in a DNA sequence

A

nucleic acid sequence

28
Q

site directed mutagenesis allows for exact determination of how DNA works as ___

A

the blue-print of life

29
Q

what did Marshal and Warren discover? what is the significance?

A

Heliobacter pylori: causal agent in may gastro cancers

30
Q

what is the normal flora?

A

MO that co-exist in a host without being harmful

31
Q

when can normal flora be dangerous?

A

when it gets trapped in places it shouldnt be

32
Q

Campbell and Omura won a Nobel Prize for__

A

new therapy against roundworm parasites (avermectin drug)

33
Q

the drug “avermectin” is naturally produced by __ which inhibits many __

A

streptomyces bacteria; phyllarial parasites

34
Q

YouYou Tu won a Nobel Prize for therapy against __ using ___, which is made of ___

A

therapy against malaria by Artemisinin, which is made by sweet wormwood

35
Q

traditional medicine consists of ___ compounds that can be ____ for improvements

A

natural; reverse engineered

36
Q

who introduced the ability to stitch pieces of DNA together to make simple engineered organism?

A

Craig Venter et.al

37
Q

what is consumption?

A

respiratory disease

38
Q

what are the symptoms of consumption?

A

weakness, phlem build-up, sometimes with blood

39
Q

what is the cause of consumption?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

40
Q

pure culture allows for MO to be grown in pure, almost ___ conditions, so it is an ____, pure source

A

sterile; isolated

41
Q

a pure sample allows for ____ and to perform ___ tests

A

identification; empirical

42
Q

what was Elie Metchnikoff’s field of study?

A

embryology studying starfish

43
Q

in what year was penicillin discovered?

A

1928

44
Q

the discovery of the ___ disproved the belief that protein was the coding part of life

A

helix

45
Q

thanks to Mullis’ discovery of PCR, any ___ can be studied in isolation

A

gene

46
Q

before PCR, work was limited by ability to ___

A

synthesize DNA

47
Q

what happens in the annealing phase of PCR?

A

2 smalle primers will anneal at opposite ends of complimentary DNA strands

48
Q

what happens in the extension phase of PCR?

A

enzyme polymerization of a new strand

49
Q

end product of PCR

A

2 copies of template DNA

50
Q

DNA generated by PCR is dependent on the ___ used

A

primers

51
Q

site directed mutagenesis was the start of discoveries into: ___ function, how ___ work (__coding), human genetic ___, leading to genetic___ discovery

A

gene; proteins (amino acids); fingerprinting; genetic disease

52
Q

Micheal smith shared his Nobel prize with __-

A

Muliis

53
Q

Mullis ___ pieces of DNA and Smith ___ sequences of DNA in a defined way

A

engineered; altered/changed

54
Q

the combined work of Mullis and Smith allows for exact determination of how __ works and the effects of ___

A

DNA; changes

55
Q

normal flora can be mutually __ or __-

A

commensal/ beneficial

56
Q

2 examples of diseases caused by round worm parasites

A

elephantitis, river blindness

Microbiology 2100 (26 decks)

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