Lecture 21: Vaccines Flashcards
why do we get DTaP vaccine multiple times in childhood/adolescence?/
it is a pure protein vaccine, so it is very safe, but not very effective, so multiple exposures are needed to build up immune response
the DTap has to be given multiple times because it is not very __
immunogenic
what type of vaccine is the MMRV vaccine?
live attenuated
why is the MMRV vaccine not given until a child is 1 year old?
a live attenuated virus can be dangerous when the immune response may not be ready
what are the 3 families of whole organism vaccine?
- live related
- live attenuated
- killed organism
what are the 3 families of subunit vaccines?
- isolated protein
- viral vector
- conjugated polysaccharide/protein
what is the concept of live related vaccines?
immunize with a very similar, much less pathogenic organism
what do live related vaccines depend on to work?
an immunologic cross reaction
what is the best example of a live related vaccine?
Leishmania
what are the two types of Leishmania parasite and which one kills?
- L. major
2. L. donovani (KILLS)
aside from Leishmania, what is the most well-known example of live related vaccine?
Jenner’s Cow pox vaccine for small pox
what are the positives of a live related vaccine?
very strong protection, a persistent source of antigens
what are the negatives of a live related vaccine?
dangerous and can be hard to find a similar, less pathogenic relative to the target
what is the concept of live attenuated vaccine
do something to the pathogen to weaken its pathogenicity and growth ability so the immune system can get used to it, but not become diseased
what is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?
MMRV
what are the positives of a live attenuated vaccine?
persistence, full spectrum of analysis, AB and cell-mediated response, and gives long lasting immunity, few boasters needed
what are the negatives of a live attenuated vaccine?
potential reversion, and can’t be given to immunocompromised patients
what is the concept of killed organism vaccines?
pathogen has been killed chemically or by heat
examples of killed organism vaccines
Salk Polio and H1N1
what are the positives of a killed organism vaccine?
very safe
what are the negatives of a killed organism vaccine?
no persistence, limited cell immunity , antigens are damaged in attenuation and often have to use an adjuvant to boost response
what is the concept of a pure vaccine?
a pure/modified pure protein (a toxoid) is isolated
give 4 examples of pure protein vaccine
tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, HPV
what are the positives a pure protein vaccine?
very safe, easily transported and stored, used for organisms that produce potentially fatal toxins
what are the negatives of a pure protein vaccine?
weak immunogenicity, no spectrum of antigens, no persistence and needs an adjuvant
what is the concept of viral vector vaccines?
express genes of interest in a viral vector (such as a cold) that is non-pathogenic and self-limiting
give an example of a viral vector vaccine
the vaccine used to treat Ebola
what are the two types of Ebola vaccines?
GSK ebola vaccine (chimp adenovirus)
VSV EBOV Canadian Ebola vaccine in VSV
what are the positives of a viral vector vaccine?
very safe, persistent, activation of AB and cell-mediated response
what are the negatives of a viral vector vaccine?
limited spectrum of antigens
what is the concept of a polysaccharide/ protein vaccine?
link polysaccharide to protein to T cell activation
examples of ploysaccharode/protein vaccines
pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated to Diphtheria toxoid, Hib polysaccharide conjugated to Diotheria toxic
why use Diphtheria in most polysaccharide / protein vaccines?
it already know it induces immune and is safe
what are the positives of polysaccharide / protein vaccines?
activates good antibody response to polysaccharide residues
what are the negatives of polysaccharide / protein vaccines?
weakly immunogenic , limited cell-mediated response
what type of vaccine is the Meningococcal vaccine?
polysaccharide conjugate with diptheria toxoid
Rotavirus is the most common cause of __ in children
gastroenteritis
what type of vaccine is the Rotavirus vaccine?
live oral (attenuated)
what is the adjuvant used in the HPV vaccine?
Alum
what is used to make the HPV vaccine (part of HPV)
recombinant DNA generated major capsid protein
what type of vaccine is the H1N1 vaccine?
killed whole cell
what is the adjuvant in the H1N1 vaccine?
oil
what is the preservative in the H1N1 vaccine? what is it preventing?
theimerosal to prevent staph infection
what is the concept of passive immunization
create an immune response in a lab and provide antibody for direct protection, usually given after infection (like anti-venom)
what are the positives of passive immunization?
very fast and safe
what are the negatives of passive immunization?
doesn’t give long-lasting immunity, and can result in serum sickness from immune complex to horse IgA
