Lecture 21: Vaccines

Question 1

why do we get DTaP vaccine multiple times in childhood/adolescence?/

Answer 1

it is a pure protein vaccine, so it is very safe, but not very effective, so multiple exposures are needed to build up immune response

Question 2

the DTap has to be given multiple times because it is not very __

Answer 2

immunogenic

Question 3

what type of vaccine is the MMRV vaccine?

Answer 3

live attenuated

Question 4

why is the MMRV vaccine not given until a child is 1 year old?

Answer 4

a live attenuated virus can be dangerous when the immune response may not be ready

Question 5

what are the 3 families of whole organism vaccine?

Answer 5

1. live related
2. live attenuated
3. killed organism

Question 6

what are the 3 families of subunit vaccines?

Answer 6

1. isolated protein
2. viral vector
3. conjugated polysaccharide/protein

Question 7

what is the concept of live related vaccines?

Answer 7

immunize with a very similar, much less pathogenic organism

Question 8

what do live related vaccines depend on to work?

Answer 8

an immunologic cross reaction

Question 9

what is the best example of a live related vaccine?

Answer 9

Leishmania

Question 10

what are the two types of Leishmania parasite and which one kills?

Answer 10

1. L. major

2. L. donovani (KILLS)

Question 11

aside from Leishmania, what is the most well-known example of live related vaccine?

Answer 11

Jenner’s Cow pox vaccine for small pox

Question 12

what are the positives of a live related vaccine?

Answer 12

very strong protection, a persistent source of antigens

Question 13

what are the negatives of a live related vaccine?

Answer 13

dangerous and can be hard to find a similar, less pathogenic relative to the target

Question 14

what is the concept of live attenuated vaccine

Answer 14

do something to the pathogen to weaken its pathogenicity and growth ability so the immune system can get used to it, but not become diseased

Question 15

what is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 15

MMRV

Question 16

what are the positives of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 16

persistence, full spectrum of analysis, AB and cell-mediated response, and gives long lasting immunity, few boasters needed

Question 17

what are the negatives of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 17

potential reversion, and can’t be given to immunocompromised patients

Question 18

what is the concept of killed organism vaccines?

Answer 18

pathogen has been killed chemically or by heat

Question 19

examples of killed organism vaccines

Answer 19

Salk Polio and H1N1

Question 20

what are the positives of a killed organism vaccine?

Answer 20

very safe

Question 21

what are the negatives of a killed organism vaccine?

Answer 21

no persistence, limited cell immunity , antigens are damaged in attenuation and often have to use an adjuvant to boost response

Question 22

what is the concept of a pure vaccine?

Answer 22

a pure/modified pure protein (a toxoid) is isolated

Question 23

give 4 examples of pure protein vaccine

Answer 23

tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, HPV

Question 24

what are the positives a pure protein vaccine?

Answer 24

very safe, easily transported and stored, used for organisms that produce potentially fatal toxins

Question 25

what are the negatives of a pure protein vaccine?

Answer 25

weak immunogenicity, no spectrum of antigens, no persistence and needs an adjuvant

Question 26

what is the concept of viral vector vaccines?

Answer 26

express genes of interest in a viral vector (such as a cold) that is non-pathogenic and self-limiting

Question 27

give an example of a viral vector vaccine

Answer 27

the vaccine used to treat Ebola

Question 28

what are the two types of Ebola vaccines?

Answer 28

GSK ebola vaccine (chimp adenovirus)

VSV EBOV Canadian Ebola vaccine in VSV

Question 29

what are the positives of a viral vector vaccine?

Answer 29

very safe, persistent, activation of AB and cell-mediated response

Question 30

what are the negatives of a viral vector vaccine?

Answer 30

limited spectrum of antigens

Question 31

what is the concept of a polysaccharide/ protein vaccine?

Answer 31

link polysaccharide to protein to T cell activation

Question 32

examples of ploysaccharode/protein vaccines

Answer 32

pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated to Diphtheria toxoid, Hib polysaccharide conjugated to Diotheria toxic

Question 33

why use Diphtheria in most polysaccharide / protein vaccines?

Answer 33

it already know it induces immune and is safe

Question 34

what are the positives of polysaccharide / protein vaccines?

Answer 34

activates good antibody response to polysaccharide residues

Question 35

what are the negatives of polysaccharide / protein vaccines?

Answer 35

weakly immunogenic , limited cell-mediated response

Question 36

what type of vaccine is the Meningococcal vaccine?

Answer 36

polysaccharide conjugate with diptheria toxoid

Question 37

Rotavirus is the most common cause of __ in children

Answer 37

gastroenteritis

Question 38

what type of vaccine is the Rotavirus vaccine?

Answer 38

live oral (attenuated)

Question 39

what is the adjuvant used in the HPV vaccine?

Answer 39

Alum

Question 40

what is used to make the HPV vaccine (part of HPV)

Answer 40

recombinant DNA generated major capsid protein

Question 41

what type of vaccine is the H1N1 vaccine?

Answer 41

killed whole cell

Question 42

what is the adjuvant in the H1N1 vaccine?

Answer 42

oil

Question 43

what is the preservative in the H1N1 vaccine? what is it preventing?

Answer 43

theimerosal to prevent staph infection

Question 44

what is the concept of passive immunization

Answer 44

create an immune response in a lab and provide antibody for direct protection, usually given after infection (like anti-venom)

Question 45

what are the positives of passive immunization?

Answer 45

very fast and safe

Question 46

what are the negatives of passive immunization?

Answer 46

doesn’t give long-lasting immunity, and can result in serum sickness from immune complex to horse IgA