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Microbiology 2100 > Antibody Structure and Function > Flashcards

Antibody Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two regions of an antibody?

A

the constant and variable regions

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2
Q

what are the 2 chains in an antibody?

A

the light and heavy chains

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3
Q

what holds the chains of an antibody together?

A

disulphide bonds

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4
Q

T/F the 2 light chains / the 2 heavy chains are identical to each other (both light are the same and both heavy are the same)

A

true

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5
Q

gene rearrangement in antibodies typically occurs in what region?

A

the variable region

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6
Q

why does gene rearrangement occur in the variable region and not the constant region?

A

because it is the region that binds to the antigen and if the constant part was changed, it would change the function of the antibody

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7
Q

can the heavy chains be functional without the light chains attached?

A

no

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8
Q

what are the 2 forms of light chains found in humans?

A

kappa and lambdid

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9
Q

can you have a kappa light chain on one side and a lambdid light chain on the other?

A

no

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10
Q

compare/contrast lambdid and kappa light chains

A

same function, slightly different constant region

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11
Q

what is the FAB region? where is it located?

A

antigen binding region; at top ends of Y structure

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12
Q

what is the FC region? where is it located?

A

effector function region; at bottom of Y structure

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13
Q

what happens if the FC region is changed?

A

class switch

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14
Q

what region defines the class of the antibody?

A

the FC region

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15
Q

describe the roles of FAB and FC in terms of an incoming protein

A

FAB recognizes it and the FC region chooses what to do about it

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16
Q

T/F each class of antibody has a unique FC region and unique function

A

true

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17
Q

which class(es) of antibodies are monomers?

A

IgD, IgE, IgG

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18
Q

which class(es) of antibodies are dimers?

A

IgA

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19
Q

which class(es) of antibodies are pentamers?

A

IgM

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20
Q

the structure of a pentamer can fold so that ___ stick up

A

FC regions

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21
Q

antibodies in a pentamer are connected by what type of chain?

A

J chain

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22
Q

do antibodies kill?

A

no, but they help other things kill

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23
Q

what are the 4 functions of antibodies?

A
  1. opsonization for phagocytosis
  2. fixing the complement
  3. blocking attachment
  4. neutralize toxins
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24
Q

what is the role of opsonization for phagocytosis?

A

facilitates uptake of bacteria by neutrophils/macrophages by creating a “candy coating” around bacteria

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25
Q

the complement cascade results in ___

A

MAC attack (membrane attack complex)

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26
Q

what is the function of MAC attack?

A

pokes holes in cells

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27
Q

the complement cascade is initiated by the ____ pathway

A

classical (antibody involved)

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28
Q

what are 3 requirements for fixing the complement?

A
  1. 2 antibodies must be involved
  2. they must be appropriately spaced apart
  3. both must have FAB region down on cell surface
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29
Q

a molecule called ___ (which has many different arms) will bind only to the FC region

A

C1

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30
Q

how many C1 molecules are needed to fix the complement?

A

2

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31
Q

why do antibodies need to be a specific distance apart to fix the complement?

A

the C1 is not flexible to conform to bind at whatever distance apart the antibodies are

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32
Q

the complement cascade includes everything from C__ to C__. Which are most important in killing bacteria?

A

1-9 ; C5-C9

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33
Q

why are C5-C9 the most important in killing bacteria?

A

they form a complex that makes a hole in the lipid bilayer, leading to osmotic flow into cell and lysis (MAC)

34
Q

how can antibodies block attachment of viruses, some bacteria, and extracellular protazoa?

A

FAB regionbinds to protein on surface of virus, preventing the virus from being able to bind due to exposed FC region of attached antibody q

35
Q

how do antibodies neutralize toxins?

A

bind to toxins, preventing them from binding to any toxin receptors

36
Q

antibodies can also aggregate toxins into groups called ___

A

immune complexes

37
Q

immune complexes can be removed by cells in the ___ and __ (organs)

A

liver and spleen

38
Q

what is the most common class of antibody?

A

IgG

39
Q

what are the 4 functions of IgG?

A
  1. fixes the complement well
  2. great at candy coating for phagocytosis
  3. blocks attachment well
  4. neutralize toxins
40
Q

what is the only antibody class to pass through the placenta to provide early protection?

A

IgG

41
Q

what is ivIg? why does it exist?

A

intravenous Ig agammaglobulinemia; no antibodies in the blood

42
Q

IgM makes up __% if the Ig pool

A

10

43
Q

what are the 3 functions of IgM?

A
  1. great at fixing complement
  2. great at blocking attachment
  3. good at blocking toxins
44
Q

why is IgM good at blocking attachment and blocking toxins?

A

because it is so big

45
Q

why does IgM fix complement so well?

A

its FC regions stick up making antibodies exact distance apart to fix C1

46
Q

why is IgM not able to opsonize for phagocytosis?

A

5 congregated FC regions will not fit into FC receptor

47
Q

is IgM or IgG made first? why?

A

IgM, because it does not require a class switch

48
Q

IgA makes up __- % of the Ig pool

A

15

49
Q

IgA protects what areas of the body?

A

mucous membranes in lungs and gut

50
Q

what are the 2 functions of IgA?

A
  1. blocking attachment

2. neutralizing toxins

51
Q

why cant IgA fix complement well?

A

the FC regions of the dimer are unavailable

52
Q

why cant IgA opsonize for phagocytosis?

A

dimer cant fit into FC receptor

53
Q

why is IgA good at neutralizing toxins?

A

the dimer aggregates well

54
Q

what are 2 reasons why someone might have high levels of IgE?

A
  1. they are atopic (many allergies)

2. a parasitic infection with roundworms

55
Q

IgE binds to ___ on mast cells

A

FcER ( FC epsetion receptor )

56
Q

what functions are IgE good at?

A

none of the typical, because it is bound to the mast cell and not availble

57
Q

IgD makes up ___ % of the Ig pool

A

basically zero

58
Q

what is the function of IgD?

A

not well known, but maybe involved in B cell activation

59
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies and their purpose?

A

antibodies typically produced in a lab

60
Q

monoclonal antibodies are almost always which Ig? why?

A

IgG; long lifespan

61
Q

finding monoclonal antibodies in circulation can help diagnose ___

A

cancer originating from expansion of single b cell

62
Q

extracellular bacteria are fought by __ and __

A

innate immune system and antibody

63
Q

intracellular bacteria are fought by __ and are not dependent on __

A

cell-mediated immunity; antibody

64
Q

what is the role of the complement if an extracellular bacteria has never been seen before?

A

binds directly to bacteria and kill it a bit

65
Q

what is the role of c3b if an extracellular bacteria has never been seen before?

A

activates the alternate pathway that activates neutrophils to eat it

66
Q

the alternate pathway will also respond to ___ if an extracellular bacteria has never been seen before

A

toll-like receptors

67
Q

toll-like receptors cause killing by (2)

A
  1. reactive oxygen and nitrogen interediates

2. superoxide, h202, NO

68
Q

do macrophages have defensins?

A

no

69
Q

what is the role of the dendritic cell if a bacteria has never been seen before?

A

take up antigen for presentation at the lymph nodes to activate the adaptive immune response

70
Q

what will the antibodies do if an extracellualr bacteria has been seen before?

A

will bind, opsonize and fix the complement

71
Q

what is post strep glomerulonephritis?

A

decomposition of antibody/antigen complex in the kidney glomeruli leads to destruction of the kidney tissue

72
Q

decomposition of the antibody/antigen complex in the kidneys leads to activation of __ and __

A
  1. frustrated phagocytosis

2. activation of complement

73
Q

frustrated phagocytosis is used to kill ___ infections

A

parasitic

74
Q

what is post strep rheumatic fever?

A

IgG response to strep A antigen cross reacts with the heart, damaging the valves and myocardium

75
Q

Th-1 is involved in the __ response

A

inflammatory

76
Q

can IFN -y activate infected macrophages?

A

not very well

77
Q

when IFN-y activates uninfected macrophages, they release ___ and ___

A

IL-1 and INF

78
Q

what is the role of TNF in fighting infection?

A

brings more macrophages to the site

79
Q

what are the main cells affected by HIV?

A

CD4+ T helper cells

80
Q

in the long run, what can happen to a granuloma if there are not enough CD4+ t cells at the site?

A

it can degrade and release the infection

Microbiology 2100 (26 decks)

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