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Microbiology 2100 > Lecture 8: Biotechnology > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

the use of microorganisms has the potential to advance what three fields?

A

1, health

  1. industrial
  2. clinical and scientific
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2
Q

what MO is used in botox?

A

C. botulinium

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3
Q

C. botulinium is a ____- neurotoxin (a ____ toxin)

A

paralysing (endotoxin)

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4
Q

C. botulinium affects ___ cells

A

nerve

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5
Q

C. botulinium is ___ to be used in cosmetics

A

purified

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6
Q

aside from cosmetics, C. botulinium can be used to cure ___

A

twitches

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7
Q

streptomyces bacteria is a natural ___

A

anti-biotic

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8
Q

it is the ___ of streptomyces that display anti-biotic character

A

metabolic products

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9
Q

what are some common streptomyces anti-biotics? (4)

A

streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin

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10
Q

streptomyces are commonly found in the ___

A

soil

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11
Q

insulin is a(n) ___

A

enzyme

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12
Q

insulin used to be produced from ___

A

porcine/pig

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13
Q

how is insulin mass produced today?

A

a gene from human insulin is cloned and placed into a plasmid that is placed into E.coli or yeast

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14
Q

despite the cost savings, what are some issues with producing insulin from bacteria and fungi?

A

contaminants such as LPS,LTA and yeast cell walls

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15
Q

what is an attenuated strain vaccine?

A

a weakened form of the pathogen is used to get an immune response

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16
Q

how are the pathogens in an attenuated vaccine usually treated?

A

inactivated by heat, or genetically altered

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17
Q

what are 2 risks associated with attenuated strain vaccines ?

A
  1. pathogen not treated enough

2. patient immune response not strong enough

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18
Q

what is a whole cel vaccine?

A

uses the whole cell of the pathogen

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19
Q

a whole cell is ___ efficient at mounting an immune response, but ___

A

highly, there are more risks

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20
Q

whole cell vaccinations sometimes have harsh side effects, such as ___. What causes this?

A

inflammation and swelling. large amount of LPS / LTA

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21
Q

what are acellular vaccines?

A

do not use the cell of pathogen

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22
Q

what are component vaccines?

A

use a particular, very detailed part of the pathogen

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23
Q

give 2 examples of acellular vaccines

A

capsular polysaccharides (such as for typhoid fever) and Gardasil

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24
Q

by using component vaccines, there is ___ chance of getting the disease caused by the pathogens

A

no

25
Q

gardasil protects against ___, specifically types ___

A

HPV : 6, 11, 16, 18

26
Q

the gardasil vaccine is a ___ vaccine composed of which part of the pathogen?

A

component. recombinant viral capsids

27
Q

why are heat stable enzymes important to industry?

A

many industrial processed take place at high temperature

28
Q

example of industrial process that takes place at high temperatures

A

fermentation

29
Q

___ are natural sources of heat stable proteins (enzymes)

A

thermophilic bacteria

30
Q

thermophilic bacteria have ___ that codes for heat stable enzymes

A

genes

31
Q

example of heat stable enzyme used in industry to convert fructose to glucose

A

fractases

32
Q

amalases can be isolated from ___ and convert starch to sugar

A

clostridia

33
Q

methanogenic archaea produce methane from __ and __ while also forming ___

A

CO2 and H2; ATP

34
Q

methanogenic archaea are found in about ___% of people

A

20

35
Q

the production of methane and ATP by methogenic archaea is ___ and ___

A

slow and inefficient

36
Q

methanogenic archaea must invest __ ATP to get __ ATP

A

4; 6

37
Q

the process of methanogenic archaea is strictly ___ process

A

anaerobic

38
Q

can enzymes from methanogenic archaea by cloned and put into E. coli like insulin? Why/ why not?

A

No, because it needs to be anaerobic

39
Q

bioleaching is involved in metal ___

A

oxidizing

40
Q

___ is a metal oxidizing chemolithotropic bacteria

A

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

41
Q

A. ferrooxidans is used to oxidize low quality ___ to get a pure sample

A

copper

42
Q

gold leaching from ___ deposits

A

mixed ore

43
Q

harvesting gold usually involves ___ contaminants

A

cyanide

44
Q

complex metals can be ___ by bacteria

A

purified

45
Q

PCR requires a ___ enzyme

A

heat stable

46
Q

the thermostable enzyme market is __ and always ___

A

competitive; improving

47
Q

biotechnology has allowed for genetic engineering of faster, more reliable ___ that are able to ____

A

polymerases; proof-read with a single enzyme and advance processivity

48
Q

what is proof reading?

A

ability to correct random mistakes in nucleotides and replace them with the correct ones

49
Q

PCR detects __ in material

A

nucleic acids / genetic material

50
Q

all diagnostic tests require ____ sources for assay kits for efficient delivery of info for patient care

A

biotechnological

51
Q

___ and ___ are used in diagnostic tests to make them faster

A

polymerases and enzymes

52
Q

what is next generation sequencing?

A

accessing information about your own genetic code

53
Q

sequencing technology is now ___

A

faster, cheaper, more comprehensive

54
Q

sequencing technology can provide people with information about genes or mutations that are linked to

A

diseases

55
Q

what is a risk of having all this information on people by sequencing?

A

can get into the wrong hands (insurance)

56
Q

what is bioterrorism?

A

use of biological agents in terrorist activities

57
Q

because of bioterrorism and other safety and health concerns, labs must have a ___ to work with certain pathogens

A

license

58
Q

examples of things that have been used in bioterrorism

A

anthrax, ebola, smallpox, tularemia, EHEC and clostridia toxins

Microbiology 2100 (26 decks)

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