Lecture 8: Biotechnology Flashcards
the use of microorganisms has the potential to advance what three fields?
1, health
- industrial
- clinical and scientific
what MO is used in botox?
C. botulinium
C. botulinium is a ____- neurotoxin (a ____ toxin)
paralysing (endotoxin)
C. botulinium affects ___ cells
nerve
C. botulinium is ___ to be used in cosmetics
purified
aside from cosmetics, C. botulinium can be used to cure ___
twitches
streptomyces bacteria is a natural ___
anti-biotic
it is the ___ of streptomyces that display anti-biotic character
metabolic products
what are some common streptomyces anti-biotics? (4)
streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin
streptomyces are commonly found in the ___
soil
insulin is a(n) ___
enzyme
insulin used to be produced from ___
porcine/pig
how is insulin mass produced today?
a gene from human insulin is cloned and placed into a plasmid that is placed into E.coli or yeast
despite the cost savings, what are some issues with producing insulin from bacteria and fungi?
contaminants such as LPS,LTA and yeast cell walls
what is an attenuated strain vaccine?
a weakened form of the pathogen is used to get an immune response
how are the pathogens in an attenuated vaccine usually treated?
inactivated by heat, or genetically altered
what are 2 risks associated with attenuated strain vaccines ?
- pathogen not treated enough
2. patient immune response not strong enough
what is a whole cel vaccine?
uses the whole cell of the pathogen
a whole cell is ___ efficient at mounting an immune response, but ___
highly, there are more risks
whole cell vaccinations sometimes have harsh side effects, such as ___. What causes this?
inflammation and swelling. large amount of LPS / LTA
what are acellular vaccines?
do not use the cell of pathogen
what are component vaccines?
use a particular, very detailed part of the pathogen
give 2 examples of acellular vaccines
capsular polysaccharides (such as for typhoid fever) and Gardasil
by using component vaccines, there is ___ chance of getting the disease caused by the pathogens
no
gardasil protects against ___, specifically types ___
HPV : 6, 11, 16, 18
the gardasil vaccine is a ___ vaccine composed of which part of the pathogen?
component. recombinant viral capsids
why are heat stable enzymes important to industry?
many industrial processed take place at high temperature
example of industrial process that takes place at high temperatures
fermentation
___ are natural sources of heat stable proteins (enzymes)
thermophilic bacteria
thermophilic bacteria have ___ that codes for heat stable enzymes
genes
example of heat stable enzyme used in industry to convert fructose to glucose
fractases
amalases can be isolated from ___ and convert starch to sugar
clostridia
methanogenic archaea produce methane from __ and __ while also forming ___
CO2 and H2; ATP
methanogenic archaea are found in about ___% of people
20
the production of methane and ATP by methogenic archaea is ___ and ___
slow and inefficient
methanogenic archaea must invest __ ATP to get __ ATP
4; 6
the process of methanogenic archaea is strictly ___ process
anaerobic
can enzymes from methanogenic archaea by cloned and put into E. coli like insulin? Why/ why not?
No, because it needs to be anaerobic
bioleaching is involved in metal ___
oxidizing
___ is a metal oxidizing chemolithotropic bacteria
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
A. ferrooxidans is used to oxidize low quality ___ to get a pure sample
copper
gold leaching from ___ deposits
mixed ore
harvesting gold usually involves ___ contaminants
cyanide
complex metals can be ___ by bacteria
purified
PCR requires a ___ enzyme
heat stable
the thermostable enzyme market is __ and always ___
competitive; improving
biotechnology has allowed for genetic engineering of faster, more reliable ___ that are able to ____
polymerases; proof-read with a single enzyme and advance processivity
what is proof reading?
ability to correct random mistakes in nucleotides and replace them with the correct ones
PCR detects __ in material
nucleic acids / genetic material
all diagnostic tests require ____ sources for assay kits for efficient delivery of info for patient care
biotechnological
___ and ___ are used in diagnostic tests to make them faster
polymerases and enzymes
what is next generation sequencing?
accessing information about your own genetic code
sequencing technology is now ___
faster, cheaper, more comprehensive
sequencing technology can provide people with information about genes or mutations that are linked to
diseases
what is a risk of having all this information on people by sequencing?
can get into the wrong hands (insurance)
what is bioterrorism?
use of biological agents in terrorist activities
because of bioterrorism and other safety and health concerns, labs must have a ___ to work with certain pathogens
license
examples of things that have been used in bioterrorism
anthrax, ebola, smallpox, tularemia, EHEC and clostridia toxins
