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Microbiology 2100 > 7.2: Pathogenesis and Virulence 2 > Flashcards

7.2: Pathogenesis and Virulence 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

MRSA stands for

A

methicillin resistant stapphylococcus aureas

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2
Q

MRSA is a gram ___ bacteria

A

positive

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3
Q

MRSA colonizes what areas of the body?

A

moist squamous epithelium of skin and anterior nares (nasal)

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4
Q

___% of people are colonized by MRSA, ___% are intermittent carriers and ____% dont have it

A

20; 60; 20

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5
Q

MRSA can infect through (4)

A

skin abrasions, abscesses, burns, surgical sites

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6
Q

MRSA is generally a ___ cause of pneumonia in the public

A

limited

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7
Q

what type of MRSA is most associated with pneumonia?

A

HA-MRSA

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8
Q

MRSA is a misnomer because

A

it was not always methicillin resistant, but developed over time

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9
Q

CA-MRSA is associated with ___ infections

A

skin and soft tissue

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10
Q

CA-MRSA is commonly acquired in what sort of settings/activities?

A

lots of people (prisons); contact sports such as wrestling, rugby etc

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11
Q

CA-MRSA has a strong resistance to what type of anti-biotic?

A

beta lactamases

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12
Q

why is CA-MRSA resistant to beta lactamases?

A

SCC mec cassettes

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13
Q

SCCmec stands for

A

staphylococcal cassettes on chromosome

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14
Q

what is a cassette?

A

group of genes

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15
Q

SCCmec cassettes are ___ genetic elements that can move through cells by ____ transfer of genetic information

A

mobile; lateral

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16
Q

there are ___ different types of SCCmec cassettes

A

5

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17
Q

most MRSA strains have ___ type SCC mec

A

1-3

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18
Q

CA-MRSA typically has ___ type SCC mec

A

4

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19
Q

SCC mec carries ___ gene that codes for PBP 2a

A

mecA

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20
Q

PBP 2a is a ___that prevents the action of which anti-biotic?

A

penicillin binding protein; penicillin

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21
Q

SCC mec can be used as marker for a strain’s ___

A

history

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22
Q

MRSA is slowly gaining resistance to what anti-biotic?

A

vancomycin

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23
Q

VISA means ____ and VRSA means ___

A

vancomycin (Intermediate/Resistant) staph. aureus

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24
Q

what drug can be used against VISA / VRSA strains?

A

Linezolid

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25
Q

what is good about Linezolid? (3)

A
  1. good activity against SA bacteria
  2. good serum levels
  3. active against MRSA, VISA, VRSA
26
Q

what are 2 drawbacks to Linezolid?

A
  1. very expensive

2. toxic to mitochondria and patient must be monitored

27
Q

what are 3 mechanisms leading to infection and disease by MRSA?

A
  1. capsule
  2. surface associated proteins and secreted toxin
  3. immunodulatory features to promote colonization
28
Q

what is a capsule?

A

extra polysaccharide layer outside cell wall

29
Q

the capsule displays anti___ activity

A

opsonic

30
Q

the capsule prevents ____

A

opsonization (phagocytosis)

31
Q

what typically phagocytosizes bacteria?

A

neutrophils (immune system)

32
Q

MRSA strains are known to be able to survive within __-

A

neutrophils

33
Q

MRSA contains surface associated proteins and toxins that help ___ and ___ of host

A

adhesion to host and cell/tissue damage

34
Q

what enzyme mediates anchoring of bacterial proteins to the host cell wall?

A

sortase

35
Q

protein A binds to

A

IgG

36
Q

ClFA binds is a ___ factor that binds to ___

A

clumping; fibronectin

37
Q

what is fibronectin?

A

host cell surface protein

38
Q

immunodulatory features promote___

A

colonization

39
Q

Group A streptococci are a ___ relevant type of gram ___ bacteria

A

clinaically; gram +

40
Q

GA strept infects only

A

humans

41
Q

what is the major group of GA strept?

A

streptococcus pyogens

42
Q

what does streptococcus pyogens cause?

A

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

43
Q

why does GAS cause rheumatic heart disease?

A

Cd4+ T cells recogize it, but the same antibodies react with heart tissue, causing lesions

44
Q

rheumatic heart disease is a type of ___ disease

A

auto-immune

45
Q

sore throat / stept throat

A

pharyngitis (non-invasive)

46
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

blood infection

47
Q

bacteremia can causes ___ borne infections such as :

A

blood; meningitis, septic arthritis, surgical site

48
Q

what can be caused by GAS?

A
  1. phayngitis
  2. toxic shock syndrome
  3. respiratory and soft tissue infection
  4. necrotizing fascitis
  5. bacteremia and associated infections
49
Q

GAS is transmissible through

A

people in close contact

50
Q

genes within pathogenicity islands are upgraded during infection to promote ___

A

colonization and disease

51
Q

upgrading of genes in PAI is done by dedicated __

A

transcription regulators

52
Q

what 2 transcription regulating systems are involved in promoting upgrading?

A

Mga and 2 component regulatory systems

53
Q

what is mga? How do they affect virulence?

A

multigene activators. activate multiple genes during infection, leading to disease

54
Q

how do 2 component regulatory systems affect virulence?

A

allows bacteria to sense environment with 1 and regulate with the other. actiavtes virulence factors

55
Q

GAS has a variety of ___ that are produced to degrade tissues of host

A

toxins

56
Q

surface proteins allow for ___ destruction

A

targeted

57
Q

ScpA degrades ___ (specifically ___)

A

peptides; C5A peptidases

58
Q

SIC is a surface protein ____

A

streptococcal inhibitor of complement

59
Q

what is the complement pathway?

A

part of immune resposne (one of 1st responders against bacteria)

60
Q

surface proteins reduces host immune response by reducing ___ recruitment

A

neurtriphil

61
Q

Protein A binds to antibodies for the purpose of __

A

preventing them from binding to targeted antigen

62
Q

the clumping promoted by the ClFA/fibronectin complex produces __

A

biofilms

Microbiology 2100 (26 decks)

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