Lecture 2.1: What Makes a Bacterium? Flashcards
Nucleus
membrane enclosed organelle containing a cell’s primary genetic material
chromosome
genetic element carrying genes essential to cellular function
plasmid
extrachomosomal genetic element that is non-essential for growth
plasmids are used extensively in ___
recombinant DNA technology (cloning)
Nucleiod
dense electron focusof nucleic acid in cytoplasm
nucleoid is usually associated with __
DNA binding proteins involved in chromosome maintenance
a nucleoid is usually how many chromosome? Shape?
1; circular
is it better to classify organisms by appearance or by chemical, physical, biological features?
the latter
what features can be used as an accurate reflection of the life history of organisms?
rRNA, and phylogenetic tree of life
what are the 3 main sectors of the phylogenetic tree of life?
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
which group has similar protein translation and transcriptin paradigms to eukarya?
archaea
which group is capable of living in extreme environments?
archaea
are archaea single or multi-celled?
single
do archaea cause disease?
NO
archaea have lipids linked by ___
ether
do archaea have introns?
no
do archaea swim? Do they have a flagella?
yes. no.
a prototypic bacterial cell has which 2 features?
nucleoid; flagella
what causes gram stain to stain?
crystal violet forms a complex with iodine that cannot escape from thick cell walls in gram positive
peptidoglycan is made of which 2 molecules? Linked by?
NAG and NAM; 2 tetrapeptide chains, cross-linked by peptide
the major component of CW in gram + is ___
lipotechoic acids
the innate immune system recognizes which part of a gram + cell?
the lipotechoic acids
what is the core polysaccharide made of?
KDO, heptoses, glucose, galactose, and acetylglucosamine
which gram stain cells have a second lipid bi-layer?
gram -
a polysaccharide is linked by a lipid moiety to make a__
lipopolysaccharide
lipid A is part of the ___
LPS
Lipid A is embedded in the
outer membrane
KDO is covalently bonded to __ and also linked to ___ polysaccharide
disaccharide in Lipid A; o-specific
Lipid A is a __ that can cause __
endotoxin; severe illness
Lipid A is similar to ___ in Gram +
LTA
the 2 bilayers of gram - are separated by thin layer of __ and ___
peptidoglycan and periplasm
__ in the membrane allow transport of soluble things
porins
gram - bacteria usually have a different, defining length of __
O chain
what species of bacteria has a linear plasmid?
borrelia
plasmids contain __ stranded DNA that can perform ___ DNA replication
double stranded; bilateral
why use rRNA to reflect on the history of an organism?
it is resistant to change over time
archaea have DNA polymerase that can ___ and ____ all in one unit
make; proofread
archaea DNA polymerase enzyme is often harvested for __-
PCR
LPS is found in gram __- only
negative
LTA is found in gram ___ only
positive
two examples of anti-biotics that function by blocking CW synthesis in G+ cells
vancomycin, ampicillin
LTA are lipoproteins that ___ to the cell membrane
interconnect
KDO is exclusive to gram __
negative
