Lecture 2.2: Structure of Bacteria

Question 1

bacteria have a ___ protein synthesis rate

Answer 1

high

Question 2

bacteria have a lot of ribosomes (T/F)

Answer 2

true

Question 3

what 2 protein complexes are found in bacteria?

Answer 3

30s and 50s

Question 4

where does protein synthesis start?

Answer 4

in the 30s

Question 5

what is the overall size of 30s and 50s?

Answer 5

70s

Question 6

a bacterial capsule is made of

Answer 6

dense, well-defined polysaccharide/protein layer closely surrounding cell

Question 7

what are the 4 functions of the capsule?

Answer 7

1. protection
2. bind water, keep cell from drying out
3. promote adherence and biofilm
4. prevent phagocytosis

Question 8

a capsule promotes what 2 things?

Answer 8

adherence to eukaryotes (colonization) and cell-cell contact to make biofilm

Question 9

what is a biofilm?

Answer 9

sticky mat of growth (group of bacteria)

Question 10

encapsulated bacteria resist__

Answer 10

phagocytosis

Question 11

making the capsule requires __

Answer 11

energy and sugars

Question 12

what are bacterial endospores?

Answer 12

differentiated cells that are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation

Question 13

how are endospores dispersed?

Answer 13

wind, animals, water

Question 14

what is sporulation?

Answer 14

a complex process with multiple steps and signals resulting in a dormant yet viable biological body

Question 15

what is the role dipiclolinic acid?

Answer 15

binds Ca2+ , promating dryness in the core and makes endospores recognizable

Question 16

what chemical can be used to recognize endospores?

Answer 16

dip acid

Question 17

endospores contain the blueprint for ___

Answer 17

germination

Question 18

do bacterial flagella whip?

Answer 18

no, they rotate

Question 19

in what environment do flagella use swimming motility?

Answer 19

aqueous

Question 20

in what environment do flagella use swarming motility?

Answer 20

moist surfaces

Question 21

what part of the flagella is recognized by the innate immune system?

Answer 21

the protein “flagellin”

Question 22

what does flagellin trigger in the innate immune system?

Answer 22

inflammatory response

Question 23

what re peritrichous flagella?

Answer 23

on all sides of the bacteria rather than the ends

Question 24

CCW rotation of flagella is responsible for what type of movement?

Answer 24

runs

Question 25

CW rotation of flagella is responsible for what type of movement?

Answer 25

tumbles

Question 26

where are the sensing machinery and flagella located with respect to each other?

Answer 26

at opposite ends

Question 27

what two factors help bacteria have a high rate of protein synthesis?

Answer 27

many ribosomes and transcription and translation occurring in the same spot

Question 28

spores can exist in __ or __- environment

Answer 28

soil, abiotic

Question 29

___ species are known for their sporulating properties

Answer 29

bacillius

Question 30

two examples of endospores

Answer 30

B. anthracis and C. botulinium

Question 31

bacteria display ___ behaviour; moving towards/away from things in the environment

Answer 31

chemotactic

Question 32

bacteria use ___ sensing to move towards good and away from bad

Answer 32

quorum sensing

Question 33

tumbles allow the bacteria to

Answer 33

reorient to get ready to run again

Question 34

can bacteria swim backwards?

Answer 34

no, they have to use a series of run and tumble to turn around