Viro2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the family of Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
A
Adenoviridae
2
Q
What is the structure/morphology of Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
A
Non-enveloped Icosahedral DS linear DNA
3
Q
What is the host range for Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
A
Canidae (dogs, foxes, wolves, coyotes), Mustelidae (skunks, badgers, ferrets, mink, otters), Ursidae (black, grizzly, polar, sun bear)
4
Q
How is Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1) transmitted?
A
Ingestion or inhalation of virus present in urine, feces, and saliva of infected animals
5
Q
What is the shedding duration for survivors of Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
A
Up to 6 months post-infection
6
Q
What are the clinical signs of Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)?
A
- Fever
- Viremia
- Leukopenia
- Conjunctivitis
- Oculonasal discharge
- Abdominal pain
- Jaundice
- Anemia
- Pale mucous membranes
- Increased clotting time
- Petechial hemorrhages
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
7
Q
What is the diagnostic method for Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
A
PCR
8
Q
What is the prevention/treatment for Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
A
Vaccination with CAV-2 in core vaccines for dogs
9
Q
What is the significance of CAV-2 vaccine in relation to CAV-1?
A
CAV-2 doesn’t cause ICH, but it has enough cross-reactivity to protect against CAV-1
10
Q
What is the family of Equine Adenovirus-1 (EAV-1) & Equine Adenovirus-2 (EAV-2)?
A
Adenoviridae
11
Q
What is the host range for Equine Adenovirus-1 (EAV-1) & Equine Adenovirus-2 (EAV-2)?
A
Equidae
12
Q
What are the common clinical signs of Equine Adenovirus infections?
A
- Inapparent respiratory tract infections in normal horses
- Pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts
13
Q
What is the transmission method for Duck Adenovirus-1?
A
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
- Shed primarily in feces
- Vertical transmission to eggs
14
Q
What is the clinical presentation of Inclusion Body Hepatitis caused by Duck Adenovirus-1?
A
- Acute onset of anemia
- Hepatitis
- Hemorrhages
- Up to 30% mortality in broilers aged 3-7 weeks
15
Q
What are the key prevention methods for Turkey Adenovirus-3?
A
- Vaccines: attenuated virus
- Biosecurity: Isolation, quarantine new introductions
- Sanitation: disinfection of facilities/equipment
16
Q
What is the primary clinical sign of Snake Adenovirus-1?
A
Hepatic necrosis
17
Q
What is the family of Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)?
A
Herpesvirales
18
Q
What is the primary transmission route for Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)?
A
- Nose-to-nose contact
- Inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions
- Genital secretions
19
Q
What are the clinical signs of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?
A
- Acute onset
- Fever (103.5-106F)
- Depression
- Anorexia
- Profuse nasal discharge
- Red, crusty nose
- Open-mouth breathing
- Cough
20
Q
What is the diagnostic method for Bovine herpesvirus-1?
A
Histology and PCR
21
Q
What is the clinical presentation of Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in terms of abortion?
A
- Abortions: dead foals, 4-11 months gestational age
- Abortions occur 2-8 weeks post-infection
22
Q
What is a common clinical sign of Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3)?
A
Vesicles, pustules, ulcers of the vaginal mucosa, penis and prepuce
23
Q
What is the family of Suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1)?
A
Herpesvirales
24
Q
What are the secondary hosts for Suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1)?
A
- Dogs
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goats
- Cats
- Raccoons
- Rodents
25
What are the clinical signs of Caprine Herpesvirus-1 (CapHV-1)?
* Neonatal mortality
* Abortions
* Vulvovaginitis
* Balanoposthitis
26
True or False: Bovine herpesvirus-1 remains latent in the body for life.
True
27
Fill in the blank: The clinical signs of __________ include acute herpetic infection with vesicles and pustules.
Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3)
28
What is the primary reservoir host for Suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1)?
Domestic and feral swine
## Footnote
Secondary hosts include dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, cats, raccoons, and rodents.
29
How is Suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1) transmitted?
Inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions, ingestion of oral secretions, bites or wounds
30
What are the clinical presentations of Suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1) in swine?
* Abortions: embryonic death, resorption, mummification, stillbirth, weak pigs
* Respiratory/generalized disease: fever, sneezing, coughing, depression, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, constipation
* Neurologic disease: incoordination, circling, convulsions, salivation
31
What is the duration of clinical signs in secondary hosts infected with Suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1)?
Hours to 6 days
32
True or False: Feline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) can be latent in trigeminal ganglion.
True
33
What are the main clinical presentations of Feline Herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1)?
* Respiratory disease: sneezing, serous to mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge, glossitis, coughing, fever
* Ocular disease: conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcers
* Neonatal mortality: necrotizing pneumonia in kittens < 4 weeks of age
34
What is the incubation period for Canine Herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1)?
3-8 days
35
What is a pathognomonic finding in pathology for Canine Herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1)?
Turkey egg kidney
36
What are the clinical signs of Duck Plague (Anatid Herpesvirus-1)?
* Sudden death
* Bloody or watery diarrhea
* Dehydration
* Oculonasal discharge
* Photophobia
* Drooping head and wings
* Prolapsed penis
37
What is the main transmission route for Gallid Herpesvirus-1 (Infectious laryngotracheitis virus)?
Aerosolized respiratory secretions, mechanical transmission, fomites
38
What are the diseases associated with Gallid Herpesvirus-2 (Marek's Disease)?
* T cell lymphoma
* Marek's disease
* Range paralysis
39
What is the primary clinical presentation of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) caused by Alcelaphine Herpesvirus-1 (AHV-1)?
* Profuse mucopurulent nasal/ocular discharge
* Keratoconjunctivitis with corneal opacity
* Lymphadenopathy
* Vasculitis, immunopathologic lesions
* Gastroenteritis, ulceration, hemorrhage
40
What is the major clinical presentation of Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) in dogs?
* Vomiting
* Bloody diarrhea
* Dehydration
* Hemorrhagic enteritis
* Depression, lethargy, anorexia
41
Fill in the blank: The incubation period for Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is _______.
4-14 days
42
What are the primary control measures for Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2)?
* Vaccination: modified live or inactivated
* Isolation of infected individuals
* Use of PPE
* Disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite
* Removal of organic material
43
What are the roles of maternal derived antibodies (MDA) in immunity against Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2)?
Variable uptake, can interfere with vaccination
44
What type of virus is Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2)?
Small icosahedral, non-enveloped, single-stranded linear DNA virus
45
What is the significance of the 33°C temperature in relation to Canine Herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1)?
Role of hypothermia in generalized disease in neonatal puppies
46
What is the clinical outcome of infection with Psittacine herpesvirus-1 (Pacheco's disease)?
* Sudden death
* GI signs: anorexia, vomiting, bloody diarrhea
* Respiratory signs
* CNS signs: depression, tremors, ataxia, opisthotonus, seizures
47
What is the typical vaccination schedule for preventing derived antibody interference in dogs?
vx q2-3 weeks starting at 6-8 weeks of age until 16-20 weeks of age
## Footnote
Vaccination is crucial to prevent interference from maternal derived antibodies.
48
What are the characteristics of the virus in terms of durability?
Very durable and stable (>6 months)
## Footnote
Most 'virucidal' disinfectants are not effective against it.
49
What is the recommended disinfectant for controlling the virus mentioned?
1% sodium hypochlorite or 4% bleach
## Footnote
Contact time is key for effectiveness.
50
What type of immunity is typically seen after infection or vaccination?
Rapid (ab 3-5 days) usually lifelong immunity
## Footnote
Maternal derived antibodies (MDA) can interfere with vaccination.
51
What receptor is associated with the attachment of canine parvovirus?
Transferrin receptor
## Footnote
Upregulated in proliferating cells.
52
Where does the canine parvovirus replicate?
In the nucleus of dividing cells
## Footnote
Requires mitotic S phase to replicate.
53
What is the pathogenesis order for canine parvovirus infection?
1) DPI 0: Fecal-oral transmission
2) DPI 1-2: lymphatic nodules in tonsils or gut
3) DPI 1-3: Primary viremia spread
4a) Hemopoietic Precursors: panleukopenia
4b) Intestinal lymph tissue and Peyer's patches
4c) Myocardial cells in puppies
5) DPI 4-7: Replication in intestinal crypt cells
## Footnote
This sequence outlines the progression of infection.
54
What clinical signs are associated with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)?
Profound leukopenia, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
## Footnote
Kittens are particularly susceptible to severe manifestations.
55
What is the incubation period for feline panleukopenia virus?
2-7 days
## Footnote
Shedding occurs through feces, vomit, urine, and saliva.
56
What is the vaccination recommendation for porcine parvovirus (PPV)?
Vaccinate with 2 doses, 3-5 weeks apart, with the second dose 2-4 weeks before breeding
## Footnote
Timing is crucial for effective immunity.
57
What are the clinical presentations of porcine parvovirus infection?
Stillbirths, mummified fetuses, embryonic death, infertility
## Footnote
Infection timing relative to gestation affects outcomes.
58
What are the main symptoms of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in chicks?
Immunosuppression, anemia, hemorrhages, anorexia, lethargy
## Footnote
Disease typically occurs in chicks aged 2-4 weeks.
59
What is the etiology of bovine papillomatosis?
Bovine papillomaviruses (>10 papillomaviruses)
## Footnote
Direct contact with warts on other cattle is a transmission route.
60
What type of disease does avian leukosis virus cause?
Lymphoid Leukosis (B-cell Lymphoma)
## Footnote
The disease pattern is diagnostic for avian leukosis.
61
What is a significant feature of porcine circoviruses?
Durable in the environment and resistant to many disinfectants
## Footnote
Control involves good herd management.
62
What are the clinical signs associated with Budgerigar Fledgling Disease?
Acute systemic disease, dystrophic feathers, sudden death, hemorrhage
## Footnote
High mortality is noted in fledglings.
63
What type of virus is the Aleutian Mink Disease Virus?
Affecting mink, ferrets, skunks, raccoons
## Footnote
It causes acute, fatal interstitial pneumonia in neonatal mink.
64
What is the primary transmission route for feline panleukopenia virus?
Horizontal: Fecal-oral, contact with infected cats, fomites
## Footnote
It is highly contagious among felids.
65
What does the term 'MDA' stand for in the context of immunity?
Maternal Derived Antibodies
## Footnote
These can provide early protection but may interfere with vaccinations.
66
What role do T-cells play after infection or vaccination?
They contribute to T-cell immunity
## Footnote
Essential for long-term immunity.
67
What is a characteristic of the structure of circoviruses?
Small icosahedral, single-stranded circular DNA, non-enveloped
## Footnote
They are durable in the environment.
68
What are the key clinical signs of Canine Papillomatosis?
Oral papillomas, endophytic papillomas, pigmented cutaneous plaques
## Footnote
These can lead to squamous cell carcinoma in some cases.
69
What is Lymphoid Leukosis?
B-cell Lymphoma
## Footnote
It is a type of cancer that affects the lymphocytes in poultry.
70
What are the differential diagnoses for Lymphoid Leukosis?
* Marek's disease (herpes)
* Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (gammaretrovirus)
* Mesenchymal tumors
* Osteopetrosis
* Rous sarcoma virus
* Myeloid/erythroid leukemias
## Footnote
These conditions can present with similar clinical signs.
71
Why are vaccines ineffective against certain diseases caused by congenital infections?
Due to immune tolerance to congenital infections
## Footnote
This means that the immune system does not respond effectively to the pathogens.
72
What is the significance of envelope proteins in viruses?
* Determine cell tropism
* Determine species specificity (highly host specific)
* High mutation rate leads to antigenic variation
## Footnote
Envelope proteins play a crucial role in how viruses infect host cells.
73
What is the Jaagsiekte sheep virus (JSRV) associated with?
Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis virus, causing lung tumors and profuse nasal discharge
## Footnote
It is diagnosed using PCR on peripheral blood.
74
What is the clinical presentation of animals infected with Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus (ENTV)?
Nasal tumors
## Footnote
ENTV can affect sheep and goats.
75
What are endogenous retroviruses of small ruminants?
Endogenous forms in sheep and goats
## Footnote
These viruses are inherited and can affect the health of the animals.
76
What is the primary mode of transmission for Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
* Horizontal: Close contact, grooming, fighting
* Vertical: Maternal transfer
## Footnote
Transmission can occur through saliva, blood, urine, feces, and milk.
77
What are some clinical signs associated with Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
* Fever
* Anorexia
* Weight loss
* Non-healing wounds
* Secondary infections
## Footnote
These signs can indicate various syndromes, including neoplasia and anemia.
78
What are the outcomes of exposure to Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
* Abortive
* Regressive
* Progressive
## Footnote
Each outcome has different implications for viral replication and immune response.
79
What is Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) primarily associated with?
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis
## Footnote
It affects cattle and water buffalo, leading to persistent leukocytosis and lymphoma.
80
What is a key clinical sign of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection?
Persistent leukocytosis
## Footnote
More than 30% of infected cattle may show this sign.
81
What is the primary prevention strategy for Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)?
* Test and cull
* Test and separate groups
* Management to prevent new infections
## Footnote
Strategies depend on the specific goals of management.
82
What is the main vector for Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV)?
Biting insects, particularly Tabanid flies
## Footnote
Transmission can also occur through contaminated blood transfusions.
83
What are the clinical signs of Acute Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?
* Fever
* Anorexia
* Severe anemia
* Jaundice
* Weight loss
## Footnote
These signs can lead to high mortality in horses.
84
What diagnostic tests are used for Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)?
* Point of Care test (ex: SNAP test) for anti-FIV antibody
* Confirmatory test: PCR-Provirus, DNA, Western blot
## Footnote
Early detection is crucial for managing the disease.
85
What is Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAEV) primarily associated with?
Goats, especially dairy goats
## Footnote
It can also affect sheep and wild small ruminants.
86
What are the clinical presentations of Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAEV)?
* Encephalitis
* Chronic arthritis
* Hard-bag, lymphocytic mastitis
* Progressive pneumonia
## Footnote
Clinical signs vary based on the age and condition of the affected animal.
87
What is the transmission mode for Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV)?
* Ingestion of unpasteurized colostrum, milk
* Inhalation of aerosolized respiratory secretions
* Iatrogenic transmission
## Footnote
This virus affects sheep and goats.
88
What are the clinical signs of Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVF)?
* Acute onset of fever
* Weakness
* Bloody discharge
* Jaundice
## Footnote
Mortality rates can be very high, especially in lambs.
89
What is the common vector for Akabane Virus?
Culex and Aedes mosquitoes
## Footnote
It can lead to developmental defects in fetuses.
90
What is the main clinical effect of Cache Valley Virus in fetuses?
Developmental defects such as hydrocephalus and arthrogryposis
## Footnote
It can lead to severe birth defects if the mother is infected during pregnancy.
91
What types of animals are considered reservoir hosts for the disease discussed?
Deer, horses, cattle
## Footnote
These animals can harbor the disease without showing symptoms.
92
What are the clinical signs associated with maternal infection during gestation?
* Hydrocephalus
* Microcephaly
* Hypoplasia of the spinal cord
* Arthrogryposis (joint stunting)
## Footnote
Earlier infections can lead to embryonic loss or mummification.
93
What is the primary method for diagnosing infections in enzootic areas?
Serology: antibody titers in newborns, aborted fetuses, paired maternal sera
## Footnote
Clinical signs and gross lesions may also be observed.
94
True or False: There are vaccines available for the disease discussed.
False
## Footnote
Protective immunity can last for many years despite the absence of vaccines.
95
Name the viruses that are part of the Hantavirus group.
* Hantaan virus
* Sin Nombre virus
* Puumala virus
* Seoul virus
## Footnote
These viruses are specific to various rodent species.
96
What are the main symptoms of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome?
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
* Fever
* Myalgia
* Headache
* Nonproductive cough
* Shortness of breath
* Progressive interstitial pneumonia
## Footnote
This syndrome can be severe and lead to serious complications.
97
How is Hantavirus transmitted to humans?
Inhalation of aerosolized or direct contact with rodent excretions
## Footnote
It is not transmitted from human to human.
98
What is the structure of Arenaviridae viruses?
* Pleomorphic
* Enveloped
* Single-stranded RNA segmented
* Ambisense
* Contain host cell ribosomes
## Footnote
These characteristics help in the identification of the virus.
99
What are common symptoms of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection?
* Usually asymptomatic
* Flu-like illness
* Fever
* Headache
* Joint and muscle aches
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Severe encephalomyelitis
## Footnote
Intrauterine infections can lead to congenital issues.
100
What is the primary method of controlling rodent populations to prevent LCMV?
* Rodent control around human habitations
* Prevent entry of wild rodents into homes
* Disinfection of laboratory rodent facilities
## Footnote
Monitoring and purchasing from LCMV-free colonies are also recommended.
101
What family does Influenza A belong to?
Orthomyxoviridae
## Footnote
This family is characterized by enveloped, helical, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses.
102
What is a significant risk factor for equine influenza infection?
Young age
## Footnote
Co-mingling with other horses and lack of previous infections or vaccinations also increase risk.
103
Fill in the blank: Influenza A viruses are highly ______, resulting in a lot of antigenic variation.
[mutable]
## Footnote
This property allows them to evade host immunity.
104
What are the main clinical signs of swine influenza?
* Upper respiratory infection
* Broncho-interstitial pneumonia
* Coughing
* Diarrhea
* Fever
* Lethargy
## Footnote
Secondary bacterial pneumonia may also occur.
105
What type of immunity is developed after an equine influenza infection?
Short-lived, type-specific
## Footnote
Vaccination can help decrease severity but does not prevent infection.
106
What is the primary mode of transmission for canine influenza?
Inhalation and contact with contaminated fomites
## Footnote
Aerosolized respiratory secretions are a key transmission route.
107
What are common symptoms of canine influenza?
* Acute onset fever
* Depression
* Anorexia
* Serous nasal discharge
* Dyspnea
## Footnote
Recovery may take 4-8 weeks.
108
True or False: Influenza B is primarily a disease of humans.
True
## Footnote
It is also found in seals, but its primary host is humans.
109
What is the severity of respiratory disease caused by Influenza C?
Least severe, most subclinical
## Footnote
This virus typically causes mild infections.
