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Kydada's Ologies > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the keratin plug in the teats

A

It stays in the duct until the cow is lactating

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2
Q

What are the defense mechanisms of teat

A

Physical factors:
Kerrigan plus, stratified squamous epithelium

Cellular factors:
WBCs: neutrophils and macrophages and lymphocytes.
Innate immune system: lactoferrin, cytokines, complement, and acute phase proteins

Acquired immune system:
Immunoglobulins and T lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is the economic loss due to mastitis

A

19.7-32 billion worldwide

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4
Q

What is the pathogenesis for mastitis

A

Compromised defence mechanisms: teat injury, post milking and immune suppression

Leading to inflammation of the mammary gland: teat exposure and invasion, pathogens multiply in the milk, and infection induces inflammatory response

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5
Q

What kind of mastitis is rare

A

Fungal

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6
Q

What Somatic cell count is considered good milk versus bad milk

A

Infected cows 100,00-10 million or more!
Uninfected cows <100,000

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7
Q

What is the legal bulk tank limit

A

750,000 in the states and 400,000 in the EU

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8
Q

Interpret this SCC what does it mean?

<100, 000 cell/ml

A

Uninfected

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9
Q

A SCC > 200,00 cell/ml is?

A

Uninfected

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10
Q

What’s the sign of clinical mastitis

A

The milk appears normal

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11
Q

What is subclinical mastitis?

A

No systemic signs of disease

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12
Q

A cow with elevated SCC is?

A

a susceptible cow

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13
Q

What’s seen on the PE for mastitis

A

Decreased food intake and milk production
Lethargy
Depression
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Weakness
Fever
Recunbency
Decrease Rumen motility
Pale or tacky MM
Cold extremities
Dehydration
Shock

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14
Q

What is the CMT and how is it done

A

California Mastitis test
-paddle with 4 wells
-strip out keratin plug & 1st milk of teat
-add equal volume milk + reagent to each well
-swirl and mix contents
-cell membranes are broken down, creating gel
Scoring is negative, trace, 1 (which is mild), and 3

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15
Q

Exam the results from a CMT

A

negative. No infection
Trace possible infection (between negative and 1) slight thickening of mixture
1. Weak positive
2. Distinct positive
3. Strong positive . Turns into a thiccc gel. Clinical mastitis

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16
Q

What are common issues with samples or sampling

A

Udders and teats not cleaned
Samples not transported to lab in 24 hours
Incorrect number orientation
Samples taken from cows on antibiotics

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17
Q

What kind of culture is used to test milk for mastitis

A

Various, usually MacConkey, blood agar incubated aerobically. But it takes long to get results BUT! Can identify multiple bacteria

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18
Q

What kind of testing for mastitis has a higher sensitivity is quicker result but is more expensive and has results that depend of primers

19
Q

What are the 2 reservoirs of infection

A

Contagious (can sometimes come from the environment) and environmental

20
Q

List contagious mastitis pathogens

A

S. Agalactiae
S. Aureus
Mycoplasma spp
S. Dysgalactiae

21
Q

Which mastitis pathogens are environmental

A

E.coli
Klebsiella pneumonia
Enterobacter aerogenes
Serration
Proteus
Pseudomonas spp
CNS staphylococcus
Streptococcus Uber is
Trueperella pyogenes
Corynebacterium bovid
Bacillus spp
Various yeast/fungi
Prototheca (an algae)

22
Q

Which pathogen is considered both contagious and environmental

A

Coagulate-negative staphylococcus

23
Q

S Uber is was found where?

A

The north slope

24
Q

What is the source, clinical appearance, colony ability, infection duration and potential for cow to cow transfer for contagious pathogens

A

Other infected cows
The milk appears affected but the cow is rarely affected
Colony ability is excellent
It can last for days up until a lifetime!
Excellent transfer ability from cow to cow

25
What’s the environmental pathogen source, clinical appearance, colony ability, infection duration, and potential for cow to cow transfer
H2O, manure, bedding, mud Milk and/or cow affected Fair Days to weeks Poor
26
So about s. Agalactiae
Obligate pathogen Gram + cocci Facultative anaerobe Usually only causes sub clinical mastitis
27
What are signs of a. Agalactiae in cattle and does it respond to beta-lactam?
Transient Abnormal milk Reduced milk production Yes! Does respond to beta-lactam antibiotics
28
Which staphylococcus has grape like clusters and is it +/- rod or cocci?
S. Aureus Gram + cocci Coagulase + Commensal skin organism Also found in upper respiratory, GI, and GU tracts
29
What can cause a very high SCC of 1 million+
S. Aureus
30
What’s treatment of s. Aureus and what is special about it?
It can be peractue, chronic and is the most common cause of clinical mastitis in small ruminants. Ceftiofur + pirlimycin is used for treatment. The cure rate is <40%
31
Who looks like a fried egg
Mycoplasma spp. mastitis. No cell wall (pleomorphic) Tends to be cocci which gives it fried egg appearance Facultative anaerobe Usually only
32
Speed round! Mycoplasma! Go!!
Highly contagious Hard to cure though cull is recommended (no approved treatment for dairy cattle)
33
Clinical signs of mycoplasma
Pneumonia Swollen joints Head tilt Mastitis Vuvlovaginitis
34
What species are affected by mycoplasma
Sheep Goats Pigs Poultry Dogs Cats Horses Cows!
35
Quick rundown of corynebacterium bovid
Gram + rod (club shaped!) Facultative anaerobe Teat canal is the source Highly contagious Treatable with intramammary antibiotics
36
Is environmental mastitis spread through milking, poo, h20 and bedding?
Sure is!
37
Which staphylococcus is less pathogenic than s. Aureus
Epidermidid, chromogenes, hyicus, and simulans they all lack the coagulase enzyme
38
Where are coagulase negative staphylococcus found?
Teats, nasal tissues, and hands of people that do the milking. It typically causes a subclinical infection. For DX it needs to be cultured
39
What causes summer mastitis and how is it spread
Trueperella pyogenes it is spread by flies!
40
Sum up t. Pyogenes!
Gram + Pleomorphic rod (not uniform shaped) Facultative anaerobe Found on skin and mucous membranes of Upper respiratory, GI or UG tracts Opportunistic Affected quartered should be amputated!
41
How is Coliform mastitis dx and what’s the treatment plan!
MacConkey agar culture Occurs when animal is immunocompromised/suppressed Illness can be mild-severe Treatment is supportive care (hydration hydration hydration hydration!!)
42
Who’s the big bad for coliform mastitis
E. Coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia
43
Bacteria for coliform mastitis are all?
Gram - rods Facultative anaerobes
44
What are the clinical signs for coliform mastitis and what are the sources of infection
Sources: bedding, manure, h20, milking equipment Clinical signs are fever, GI hypo-motility, dehydration, shock, leukopenia, diarrhoea, hypotension, tachycardia, weakness

Kydada's Ologies (21 decks)

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