Para1

Question 1

What is the infectious life stage of Cystoisospora spp.?

Answer 1

Sporulated oocyst

Infectious stages include sporulated oocysts found in the environment.

Question 2

How is Cystoisospora spp. transmitted?

Answer 2

Fecal/oral ingestion of sporulated oocysts from contaminated environments

Transmission can also occur indirectly through infected paratenic hosts.

Question 3

What are the developmental stages of Cystoisospora spp.?

Answer 3

*Sporozoites
*Schizonts
*Gametes

Stages include asexual and sexual forms that reside in intestinal cells.

Question 4

What is the pathogenesis of Cystoisospora spp. infection?

Answer 4

Cell lysis due to maturation and emergence of developmental stages

This can result in severe diarrhea, weight loss, and dehydration.

Question 5

What is the definitive host for Cystoisospora spp.?

Answer 5

Carnivores, particularly dogs

Pigs are also significant hosts for certain species of Cystoisospora.

Question 6

What diagnostic method is used for Cystoisospora spp.?

Answer 6

Fecal floatation for unsporulated oocysts

Clinical signs in young animals and herd history can aid diagnosis.

Question 7

What is the treatment for Cystoisospora spp. infection?

Answer 7

Sulfadimethoxine

This is the only drug approved for treating enteritis associated with coccidiosis.

Question 8

What type of life cycle does Sarcocystis have?

Answer 8

Obligatory prey-predator two host cycle

Involves both intermediate and definitive hosts.

Question 9

What is the primary method of transmission for Toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 9

Fecal/oral ingestion of sporulated oocysts

Contaminated food or water can lead to infection.

Question 10

Identify the three infectious stages of Toxoplasma gondii.

Answer 10

*Tachyzoites
*Bradyzoites
*Sporocytes

Each stage plays a role in the infection process within hosts.

Question 11

What is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 11

Domestic and wild cats

Cats are essential for the sexual reproduction of Toxoplasma.

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of Toxoplasma gondii in dogs?

Answer 12

Usually uncommon; may include pneumonia, ocular lesions, and uveitis

Infections are often asymptomatic in dogs.

Question 13

What is the treatment for Toxoplasma gondii?

Answer 13

Clindamycin

This is used to treat toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats.

Question 14

What is Neospora caninum primarily known for?

Answer 14

Causing neurological disease and abortions in cattle

It is also a significant concern for dogs.

Question 15

What is the primary diagnostic method for Neospora caninum?

Answer 15

Serology and clinical signs

Biopsy of affected tissues can also be used.

Question 16

What is the treatment for Neospora caninum infection in dogs?

Answer 16

Long-term clindamycin

Supportive therapies may also be needed for clinical signs.

Question 17

What is the infectious life stage of Giardia intestinalis?

Answer 17

Cyst

Trophozoites are the active form but do not survive long outside the host.

Question 18

How is Giardia intestinalis transmitted?

Answer 18

Fecal/oral ingestion of cysts

Cysts can survive in the environment for extended periods.

Question 19

What are common clinical signs of Giardia intestinalis infection?

Answer 19

Chronic diarrhea, lethargy, and failure to thrive

Some dogs may be asymptomatic and shed cysts.

Question 20

What is a unique characteristic of Tritrichomonas foetus?

Answer 20

Only has a trophozoite stage

This organism is transmitted directly between hosts.

Question 21

What are the clinical signs of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

Answer 21

Reproductive disease, chronic diarrhea

Lesions include lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis.

Question 22

What is the treatment status for Tritrichomonas foetus?

Answer 22

No current effective treatment

Infections can spontaneously resolve in some cases.

Question 23

What is the primary mode of transmission for Ancylostoma spp.?

Answer 23

Fecal/oral ingestion of 3rd larval stage

Other routes include skin penetration and transmammary transmission.

Question 24

What are the clinical signs associated with Ancylostoma spp. infection?

Answer 24

Anemia, pale mucous membranes, respiratory disease

Severe cases can lead to death in puppies.

Question 25

What diagnostic method is used for Ancylostoma spp.?

Answer 25

Fecal floatation with centrifugation ## Footnote PCR can also be used, especially for puppies.

Question 26

What is the treatment for Ancylostoma spp. infection?

Answer 26

Anthelmintic treatment combined with supportive therapies ## Footnote This is essential for severely affected animals.

Question 27

What is the life cycle of Toxocara spp.?

Answer 27

Direct: ingestion of larvated eggs ## Footnote Larvae migrate through the liver and lungs before developing in the small intestine.

Question 28

What is a distinctive morphological feature of Toxocara spp. adults?

Answer 28

Presence of three lips on the anterior end ## Footnote Adult Toxocara are stout in appearance.

Question 29

What is the transmission method for Ascarid (roundworm)?

Answer 29

Direct: ingestion of larvated eggs ## Footnote Larva migrate through liver and lungs and then are swallowed to develop in the small intestine.

Question 30

What are the characteristics of adult Toxocara canis?

Answer 30

Stout appearance with three lips on the anterior end and finger-like projections on the male tail ## Footnote Adult ascarids can cause irritation and vomiting.

Question 31

What diagnostic methods are used for Toxocara spp. infections?

Answer 31

Fecal floatation with centrifugation, PCR (fecal) ## Footnote These methods help in identifying the presence of larvae or eggs.

Question 32

What are the clinical signs associated with adult ascarids in the small intestine?

Answer 32

- Mucoid enteritis - Mild diarrhea - Pot-belly appearance ## Footnote Worms can migrate to the stomach, causing gastric irritation.

Question 33

How does Toxascaris leonina differ from Toxocara canis?

Answer 33

Migration outside the intestinal tract does not occur in Toxascaris leonina ## Footnote It also has a ropey inner appearance of eggs.

Question 34

What is the primary site of infection for Trichuris vulpis (whipworm)?

Answer 34

Large intestine ## Footnote Adult whipworms have a characteristic whip-shaped body.

Question 35

What are the clinical signs of whipworm infection?

Answer 35

- Hemorrhagic typhilitis or colitis - Bloody diarrhea - Weight loss - Anemia ## Footnote Many infections can be asymptomatic.

Question 36

What is the role of dung beetles in Spirocera lupi transmission?

Answer 36

Intermediate host that ingests eggs from the environment ## Footnote Dogs ingest dung beetles to become infected.

Question 37

What are the potential clinical signs of Spirocera lupi infection in dogs?

Answer 37

- Vomiting - Weight loss - Coughing - Dysphagia ## Footnote Many infections may not be diagnosed until necropsy.

Question 38

What is the primary site of infection for Physaloptera spp.?

Answer 38

Stomach ## Footnote Adult nematodes can cause chronic vomiting.

Question 39

What are the characteristics of Strongyloides stercoralis?

Answer 39

Reproduces via parthenogenesis ## Footnote Can cause severe diarrhea and pulmonary disease, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Question 40

What is the definitive host for Dioctophyma renale?

Answer 40

Dogs ## Footnote It is often associated with aquatic earthworms as intermediate hosts.

Question 41

What are the clinical signs of Dirofilaria immitis infection?

Answer 41

- Cough - Dyspnea - Weight loss - Ascites - Arrhythmias ## Footnote Clinical signs arise from pulmonary endothelial damage.

Question 42

How is Dirofilaria immitis transmitted?

Answer 42

Indirect: Mosquito bite with infected larva ## Footnote Microfilariae exist in the blood of infected dogs.

Question 43

What diagnostic tests are used for Dirofilaria immitis?

Answer 43

- Knott's Test - ELISA - Antigen tests ## Footnote These tests help identify microfilariae in blood.

Question 44

Fill in the blank: The primary site of infection for Trichuris vulpis is the _______.

Answer 44

Large intestine

Question 45

True or False: Many infections of Trichuris vulpis are symptomatic.

Answer 45

False ## Footnote Many infections are asymptomatic or subclinical.