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Kydada's Ologies > BacTFinal > Flashcards

BacTFinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the morphology of Escherichia Coli?

A

Gram negative bacilli, facultative anaerobe.

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2
Q

What is the main transmission route for Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)?

A

Fecal-oral, ingesting contaminated water/food.

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3
Q

What are the major toxins produced by ETEC?

A
  • STa (heat-stable toxin A)
  • STb (heat-stable toxin B)
  • LT (heat-labile toxin)
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4
Q

What clinical sign is primarily associated with ETEC infection?

A

Non-inflammatory diarrhea.

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5
Q

What are the key components of prevention for ETEC in calves?

A
  • Colostrum management
  • Nutrition of cow
  • Hygiene and calf management
  • Cow vaccination
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6
Q

What diagnostic testing methods are used for ETEC?

A
  • PCR
  • Agglutination tests for fimbriae
  • Culture on MacConkey agar
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7
Q

What is the most common cause of E. Coli diarrhea in farm animals?

A

Scours.

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8
Q

True or False: Shigatoxigenic E. Coli (STEC) is zoonotic.

A

True.

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9
Q

What are the main clinical signs of STEC infection in humans?

A
  • Hemorrhagic enteritis
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • Chronic renal insufficiency
  • Death
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10
Q

What is the role of LEE in STEC?

A

Mediates attachment to host epithelial cells.

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11
Q

What is the primary method of transmission for Enteropathogenic E. Coli (EPEC)?

A

Fecal-oral, ingesting contaminated water/food.

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12
Q

What type of diarrhea is associated with EPEC?

A

Watery diarrhea leading to life-threatening dehydration.

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13
Q

What are the common infections caused by Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. Coli (ExPEC)?

A
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Mammary gland infections
  • Colisepticemia
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14
Q

What is the main transmission route for Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food/water.

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15
Q

What are common clinical signs of Yersinia infections?

A
  • Diarrhea (often bloody)
  • Fever
  • Abdominal pain
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16
Q

What is the primary method of diagnosis for Salmonella enterica?

A

Culture of feces, intestinal contents, blood, or organs.

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17
Q

What is the host predilection for Salmonella Typhi?

A

Host adapted to humans.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The type III secretion system (T3SS) is used by Salmonella to _____ epithelial cells.

A

invade

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19
Q

What are the common serovars of Salmonella found in swine?

A
  • Derby
  • Typhimurium
  • Agona
  • Anatum
  • Cholerasuis
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20
Q

What is the significance of colostrum in neonatal E. coli enteric disease?

A

Provides passive immunity.

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21
Q

What is the role of virulence genes in diagnosing E. coli infections?

A

Demonstration of virulence genes with histopathology is key.

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22
Q

True or False: Antibiotics are universally effective in treating EHEC infections.

A

False.

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23
Q

What is a common characteristic of E. Coli that causes extraintestinal infections?

A

Translocation from normal intestinal microflora.

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24
Q

What are the hygiene practices recommended to prevent Yersinia infections?

A

Food hygiene and avoiding consumption of raw/undercooked meat.

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25
What is the typical response of STEC to stress, including antibiotics?
Activation of SOS response causing increased transcription of stx genes.
26
What is the purpose of Differential Agar?
To grow gram-negative bacteria while suppressing gram-positive bacteria ## Footnote Examples include Brilliant Green, XLD, and MacConkey agar.
27
What is MALDI-TOF used for?
Speciation of microorganisms
28
What are the key features of Real-time PCR?
Uses a conserved genetic target, rapid (<48h), sometimes more sensitive than culture ## Footnote Subtyping and antimicrobial susceptibility not possible.
29
True or False: Serology is generally used for individual animal testing.
False ## Footnote It is used for herd/flock-level testing for specific antigens.
30
What does the Kauffmann-White Serotyping Scheme utilize?
Antibodies raised against specific O antigens and H antigens
31
What are the subtyping methods beyond serotyping?
* MLST (sequence typing) * PFGE (pulse field gel electrophoresis) * SNP typing (single nucleotide polymorphism) ## Footnote These methods are useful in outbreak investigations.
32
What types of samples are collected for Salmonella testing?
* Antemortem: several grams of feces * Postmortem: intestinal contents, lung, liver, kidney, spleen * Environmental: especially equine
33
What is the treatment recommendation for diarrhea caused by Salmonella?
Supportive care only ## Footnote Antibiotics should not be used as they may prolong shedding and increase likelihood of recurrence.
34
What are the two species of Salmonella mentioned?
* S. enterica * S. bongori
35
What disease is caused by Salmonella Typhi?
Typhoid-septicemic disease in humans
36
What is the predominant serotype of Salmonella that changes over time?
S. Enteritidis
37
What is the carrier rate of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry?
Very high carrier rate with no clinical disease
38
What is the most common bacterial foodborne illness in the US?
Campylobacteriosis
39
How is Campylobacter typically transmitted?
Fecal-oral route from contaminated water/food
40
What is the clinical disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni?
Hemorrhagic enteritis in puppies and foodborne disease in humans
41
What potential sequelae can occur from Campylobacter infections in humans?
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
42
What are the typical treatments for Campylobacter infections in small animals?
Supportive care; antibiotics rarely used unless systemic involvement is present ## Footnote Common antibiotics include Macrolides and Fluoroquinolones.
43
What is the primary cause of swine dysentery?
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
44
What is the mode of transmission for Brachyspira species?
Fecal/oral route
45
What disease is associated with B. pilosicoli?
Zoonotic infections in various species including dogs, pigs, and birds
46
What are the typical symptoms of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae infection?
Diarrhea and malabsorption in the colon
47
What are the recommended biosecurity measures for preventing Brachyspira infections?
All in-all out management and establishment of SPF (specific pathogen free) swine herds
48
What is the primary method of diagnosis for Lawsonia intracellularis?
Histopathology and PCR of affected tissues or feces
49
What are the disease patterns in pigs caused by Lawsonia intracellularis?
* Acute forms in 4-12 months old * Chronic forms in 6 weeks - 5 months old
50
What is a common treatment for Lawsonia intracellularis infections?
In-feed antimicrobials
51
What is the primary cause of infectious gastritis in humans?
Helicobacter pylori
52
What are the typical transmission routes for Helicobacter infections?
* Fecal/oral * Oral/oral
53
What are the primary diagnostic methods for Helicobacter infections?
* Histopathology * Urease test * Ammonia breath test
54
What is the treatment regimen for Helicobacter infections?
Dual antimicrobial therapy, often with an agent that decreases acidity
55
What type of organism is Clostridium perfringens?
Gram positive rods and obligate anaerobes
56
What types of diseases can Clostridium perfringens cause?
* Enterotoxic diseases * Histotoxic diseases * Neurotoxic diseases
57
What is the common transmission route for Clostridium difficile?
Fecal/oral
58
What are the primary toxins produced by Clostridium difficile?
* TcdA (enterotoxin) * TcdB (cytolysin)
59
What is a key feature of Clostridium difficile infections in humans?
Most common nosocomial infection
60
What is the role of histopathology in diagnosing Clostridium perfringens infections?
Isolation must be put together with lesions for diagnosis
61
What is TcdB?
A cytolysin-like toxin produced by Clostridium difficile, more cytotoxic and less enterotoxic than TcdA ## Footnote TcdB is associated with necrotizing colitis in various species.
62
What lesions are associated with Clostridium difficile infection?
Necrotizing colitis and pseudomembrane formation ## Footnote These lesions can occur in pigs, horses, and humans, particularly after antibiotic use.
63
What is the most specific method for diagnosing Clostridium difficile infection?
Combination of organism detection by culture or PCR and toxin detection by ELISA or cytotoxicity assay ## Footnote Histopathology is also helpful post-mortem.
64
What is the role of antibiotics in Clostridium difficile infections?
Recent antimicrobial use causes predisposition to C. diff ## Footnote Some antibiotics, like clindamycin, are potent killers of anaerobic bacterial flora.
65
What is Clostridium piliforme also known as?
Tyzzers Disease ## Footnote This disease is rare and primarily affects foals, rabbits, and mice.
66
What are the symptoms of Clostridium piliforme infection?
* Water diarrhea * Weakness * Lethargy * Anorexia * Dehydration * Pyrexia * Tachycardia * Icterus * Rapid death ## Footnote These symptoms indicate severe disease progression.
67
How is Clostridium piliforme diagnosed?
Histopathology only, as the organism is non-cultivable ## Footnote Diagnosis is often made post-mortem.
68
What is the primary disease caused by Clostridium chauvoei?
Necrotizing myositis, commonly known as blackleg ## Footnote Primarily affects beef cattle, often due to soil contamination.
69
What are the characteristic signs of blackleg?
* Inflammation * Necrosis * Crepitus (crackling) * Death within 1-2 days ## Footnote Blackleg is associated with well-oxygenated tissue becoming anoxic.
70
What is the reservoir for Clostridium septicum and Clostridium sordellii?
Commonly found in soil and gastrointestinal tracts of domesticated animals ## Footnote Hematogenous spread from the GI tract can occur.
71
What is a common consequence of Clostridium novyi infection?
Necrotic hepatitis, also known as black disease ## Footnote This occurs in cattle and is associated with liver damage.
72
What are the symptoms of C. haemolyticum infection?
Bacillary hemoglobinuria, characterized by hemolysis and hemoglobinuria ## Footnote This condition is severe and typically affects cattle.
73
What is the primary neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?
Tetanus Neurotoxin (TeNT) ## Footnote TeNT disrupts neurotransmitter release, leading to muscle spasms.
74
What are the clinical signs of tetanus?
* Protrusion of third eyelid * Ears erect * Risus sardonicus (sardonic grin) * Lockjaw (trismus) * Spasms in response to stimuli ## Footnote These signs indicate severe nervous system involvement.
75
What is the most common reservoir for Clostridium botulinum?
Soils, aquatic sediments, dead animals, and rotting plant matter ## Footnote This organism can affect all species.
76
What is the primary symptom of botulism?
Flaccid paralysis ## Footnote This condition results from the prevention of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction.
77
What is the characteristic appearance of Clostridium botulinum spores?
Subterminal spores that look like tennis rackets ## Footnote This morphology aids in identification.

Kydada's Ologies (21 decks)

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