Victimisation

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

Crime is inevitable and functional, harm done to individuals is ignored due to the good of society as a whole

Question 2

Marxists

Answer 2

Criminals are victims, ignores real victims (except of corporate crime)

Question 3

Interactionists

Answer 3

Criminals are victims of labels - no consideration of actual victims

Question 4

Subcultural

Answer 4

Does not consider victims (although JRF - considers how gang membership increases risk of victimisation)

Question 5

Feminism

Answer 5

Carol Smart - trangressive approach studies women as victims both within and outside CJS

Question 6

Liberal Feminism

Answer 6

Women’s victimisation is due to culturally accepted norms

Question 7

Marxist Feminism

Answer 7

Female victimisation is due to capitalism

Question 8

Black Feminism

Answer 8

Highlights specific issues for EM women

Question 9

Left Realist

Answer 9

Islington Crime Survey helps understand experiences of victims

Question 10

What do ethnic minorities suffer from?

Answer 10

A higher risk of victimisation

link to age/social class/location/gangs

Question 11

How many racially motivated crimes were there in 2006?

Answer 11

139,000 - reported by BCS

Question 12

What did the Met Police report?

Answer 12

Reported 300% increase in Islamophobic crime after the 2015 Paris attack

Question 13

What does Etzoni say about racial attacks?

Answer 13

They can reduce community cohesion, increasing crime

Question 14

What are theories on police racism?

Answer 14

Phillips and Bowling - oppressive policing of EM areas
Holdaway - canteen culture
Macpherson Enquiry - institutional racism

Question 15

What did the ICS find about fear of crime?

Answer 15

It is higher for EM groups, women and elderly

Question 16

What is the prison proportion of Blacks?

Answer 16

4% general population but 19% prison population

Question 17

What does the BCS find about young men?

Answer 17

They have a two times higher risk of being a victim of violent crime

Question 18

Which % of rape is on females?

Answer 18

92%

Question 19

What are women more likely to be victims of?

Answer 19

‘Intimate’ crimes: 92% rape, domestic violence (Dobash and Dobash say 2/3 is unreported)

Question 20

What did Walklate find about female victimisation?

Answer 20

Rape is underreported as women feel ‘on trial’ in court cases, only 6% cases lead to a successful conviction

Question 21

What does Brownmiller (Rad Fem) say?

Answer 21

Rape is a means of controlling women

Question 22

What does the BCS suggest about female victimisation?

Answer 22

Women have a higher fear of crime, and media stereotypes women as victims of attacks by strangers

Question 23

Which group of women are particularly at risk?

Answer 23

60% Islamophobic attacks are directed at women

Question 24

What do Marxist Feminists find?

Answer 24

Ansley - women’s victimisation is in the home

Question 25

What do Radical Feminists say?

Answer 25

Heidensohn - patriarchal control in in 3 areas leading to victimisation, police held stereotypes may affect females (seen as ;doubly deviant’)

Question 26

What does gang membership increase?

Answer 26

The risk of victimisation

Question 27

What is the inverse victimisation law?

Answer 27

The lower down the class scale, the higher the risk of victimisation

Question 28

Which theories explain victimisation and locality?

Answer 28

Shaw and McKay - social disorganisation
Bottoms - ‘tipping’
Marshall - transition zone

Question 29

Which theorist spoke about the night time economy/increase in private security?

Answer 29

Hobbs and Winlow - displaces crime onto poorer areas

Question 30

Which % of crimes against the elderly happen in their own homes?

Answer 30

67%

Question 31

What is a risk for youth subcultures?

Answer 31

They may suffer hate crimes