Victimisation Flashcards
Functionalism
Crime is inevitable and functional, harm done to individuals is ignored due to the good of society as a whole
Marxists
Criminals are victims, ignores real victims (except of corporate crime)
Interactionists
Criminals are victims of labels - no consideration of actual victims
Subcultural
Does not consider victims (although JRF - considers how gang membership increases risk of victimisation)
Feminism
Carol Smart - trangressive approach studies women as victims both within and outside CJS
Liberal Feminism
Women’s victimisation is due to culturally accepted norms
Marxist Feminism
Female victimisation is due to capitalism
Black Feminism
Highlights specific issues for EM women
Left Realist
Islington Crime Survey helps understand experiences of victims
What do ethnic minorities suffer from?
A higher risk of victimisation
link to age/social class/location/gangs
How many racially motivated crimes were there in 2006?
139,000 - reported by BCS
What did the Met Police report?
Reported 300% increase in Islamophobic crime after the 2015 Paris attack
What does Etzoni say about racial attacks?
They can reduce community cohesion, increasing crime
What are theories on police racism?
Phillips and Bowling - oppressive policing of EM areas
Holdaway - canteen culture
Macpherson Enquiry - institutional racism
What did the ICS find about fear of crime?
It is higher for EM groups, women and elderly
What is the prison proportion of Blacks?
4% general population but 19% prison population
What does the BCS find about young men?
They have a two times higher risk of being a victim of violent crime
Which % of rape is on females?
92%
What are women more likely to be victims of?
‘Intimate’ crimes: 92% rape, domestic violence (Dobash and Dobash say 2/3 is unreported)
What did Walklate find about female victimisation?
Rape is underreported as women feel ‘on trial’ in court cases, only 6% cases lead to a successful conviction
What does Brownmiller (Rad Fem) say?
Rape is a means of controlling women
What does the BCS suggest about female victimisation?
Women have a higher fear of crime, and media stereotypes women as victims of attacks by strangers
Which group of women are particularly at risk?
60% Islamophobic attacks are directed at women
What do Marxist Feminists find?
Ansley - women’s victimisation is in the home
What do Radical Feminists say?
Heidensohn - patriarchal control in in 3 areas leading to victimisation, police held stereotypes may affect females (seen as ;doubly deviant’)
What does gang membership increase?
The risk of victimisation
What is the inverse victimisation law?
The lower down the class scale, the higher the risk of victimisation
Which theories explain victimisation and locality?
Shaw and McKay - social disorganisation
Bottoms - ‘tipping’
Marshall - transition zone
Which theorist spoke about the night time economy/increase in private security?
Hobbs and Winlow - displaces crime onto poorer areas
Which % of crimes against the elderly happen in their own homes?
67%
What is a risk for youth subcultures?
They may suffer hate crimes
