Inequality - Social Class

Question 1

(Health)

Marmot (1991)

Answer 1

‘Health gradient’ means more chance of ill health lower down the social hierarchy

Question 2

(Health)

Wilkinson (1996)

Answer 2

Health gradient is caused by income inequality - eh stress

Question 3

(Health)

Shaw (1999)

Answer 3

Poor health is a result of life hazards we have no choice in (eg poor diet and housing)

Question 4

(Health)

How much higher is long standing illness for wc compared to mc?

Answer 4

50%

Question 5

How much higher is infant mortality in wc families?

Answer 5

2 x

Question 6

(Health)

How many years more active life do the ONS say the mc have?

Answer 6

17

Question 7

(Health)

What has happened to the gap between life expectancy for professionals and wc?

Answer 7

It has grown even though average life expectancy has gone up

Question 8

How much more likely are the wc to die from heart disease or cancer?

Answer 8

2 times

Question 9

(Education) 
Sutton Trust (2007) - private schools and oxbridge

Answer 9

7% go to private schools but 45% of these go to Oxbridge

70th brightest pupil at Eton as likely to go to Oxbridge as the brightest at state

Question 10

(Education)

What is the % A*C for the top and bottom income 25% of districts?

Answer 10

top 25% - 72%

Bottom 25% - 38%

Question 11

(Education)

Scott (1992)

Answer 11

Identified old boys network which formed a power bloc in the top institutions

Question 12

(Education)

Roker (1994)

Answer 12

Hidden curriculum (bordieu) of private schools prepares for leadership, state encourages conformity and obedience

Question 13

How many from wc vs professional backgrounds go to post-16 education?

Answer 13

Unskilled - 50%

Professional - over 90%

Question 14

(Education)

Reay (2005)

Answer 14

More wc stay at unis close to home to cut debts

70% vs 30% of mc students

Question 15

(Education)

Smith and Noble (1995)

Answer 15

Barriers to education exist for wc children due to material deprivation

Question 16

(Education)

Campos and Leech (2004)

Answer 16

‘Selection by mortgage’ - homes near to good schools go up by around £25000

Question 17

(Education)

Ball (1981)

Answer 17

Streaming is based on cultural capital not ability

Question 18

Education

Gilborn

Answer 18

A-c economy - channellig into vocational subjects

Question 19

What fraction of children on FSM get 5A*-C GCSEs?

Answer 19

1/3 on FSM, 2/3 not on FSM

Question 20

(Education)

Bernstein

Answer 20

Restricted / elaborated code

Question 21

Education

Douglas (1964)

Answer 21

Parents of wc have less value for education so support their children less

Question 22

Education

Feinstein (2008)

Answer 22

Mc are more able to support education and form relationships with teachers

Question 23

Education

Sugarman (1970)

Answer 23

Wc 4 values of ‘fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation’ prevent educational achievement - like miller’s focal concerns

Question 24

(Health)

Bottero (2005)

Answer 24

‘Social inequalities are written in the body’ - more occupational hazards in wc jobs mean more illness

Question 25

(Media) | Marxist view

Answer 25

Media representations of the middle-class as meritocratic reinforces the false class consciousness, hiding and perpetuating social inequality

Question 26

(Media) | Pluralist view

Answer 26

Media representations of the middle class accurately reflect how media consumers perceive their society

Question 27

Dodd and Dodd | Media

Answer 27

Eastenders portrays a supportive and nostalgic w/c community

Question 28

(Media) | Newman

Answer 28

W/c are often portrayed in the media in an unflattering and pitying light

Question 29

(Media) | Devereux

Answer 29

W/c are either portrayed as 'happy and deserving poor' or benefit scrougers

Question 30

(Media) | Jones

Answer 30

The term 'chav' is used to condemn w/c culture and people

Question 31

(Media) | Golding and Middleton

Answer 31

Media demonisation of the underclass justifies welfare cuts

Question 32

(Media) | Price

Answer 32

Shows (for example Benefits Street) are 'poverty porn' - they do not cause empathy from viewers

Question 33

(Policing/Victimisation) | Lea and Young (ICS)

Answer 33

In deprived areas there is more victimisation, 1/3 of people are affected by serious crime in last year 1/4 always avoided going out after dark 28% felt unsafe in their own homes Mistrust of police reduced reporting

Question 34

(P/V) | Felson and Clarke

Answer 34

``` Criticize zero tolerance policing for focusing on the working class, ignoring powerful. Surveillance and situational prevention displaces crime to working class areas ```

Question 35

Joseph Rowntree Foundation | P/V

Answer 35

Poverty and joining a gang were linked: gave people a higher sense of belonging but also increased victimisation and reduced life chances

Question 36

(P/V) | Scraton

Answer 36

Police are an occupying force imposed upon the w/c - they are a repressive state apparatus used to prevent revolution

Question 37

Reiner | P/V

Answer 37

The police canteen culture sees working class youths as their main targets

Question 38

Morgan and Russell | P/V

Answer 38

70% of high court magistrates are from professional backgrounds

Question 39

Croall | P/V

Answer 39

Middle class and upper class crime tends to be white collar/occupational crime - is less visible and taken less seriously

Question 40

Tombs | P/V

Answer 40

Corporate crime is taken less seriously than street crime; laws reflect the economic and political interest of large corporations and capitalism

Question 41

Box (P/V)

Answer 41

Reporting of corporate crimes is 'mystified'

Question 42

Tombs and Whte (P/V)

Answer 42

Media see corporate crime as 'dull' so report it less. Also more likely to be seen as a 'scandal or abuse' not a crime

Question 43

Cicourel (P/V)

Answer 43

Police act upon stereotypical assumptions of what is the typical deviant/delinquent - often working class

Question 44

The Institute for Fiscal Studies | Wealth

Answer 44

Income equality is now at its highest since 1940, top 10% of earners receive 40% of income, bottom 10% only receive 3%

Question 45

ONS 2012 (Wealth)

Answer 45

Wealthiest half of population have 90% of all wealth | May lack validity; it is in the interests of the wealthy to hide their wealth from the government

Question 46

The Times Rich List 2012 (wealth)

Answer 46

The richest 200 families in the UK have $225 billion wealth

Question 47

Tony Atkinson | wealth

Answer 47

Inherited wealth is increasing, 1/3 all wealth is inherited

Question 48

Feinstein | wealth

Answer 48

Found a child born to a labourer is 6 time more likely to suffer from extreme poverty than that of a lawyer

Question 49

Guy Standing | wealth

Answer 49

identified a precariat (linked to Barron and Norris)

Question 50

In 2013 which % of people were living in poverty?

Answer 50

21% in relative poverty (including 27% of all children)

Question 51

Scott | wealth

Answer 51

Unified upper class which practise social closure

Question 52

Charlesworth | wealth

Answer 52

Globalization has led to a decline in men's work and a culture of unemployment and suffering

Question 53

Blackman | wealth

Answer 53

Ethnographic study of a group of homeless people, found they did not have 'subcultural values' but suffered due to structural values

Question 54

Hutton | wealth

Answer 54

30:30:40 thesis

Question 55

Bradley | wealth

Answer 55

polarization between the rich and poor