Females and Gender Inequality Flashcards
What does Allan and Crow (2002) find about women in the family?
Reaffirmed Oakley’s 1974 work, women still face a ‘double shift’
What did the Lader et al study find (family) - 2005
Women do an average of 21 hours of housework per week, men 12
What did the Policy Studies Institute 2012 find?
Women still do the ‘lion’s share’ of housework; 50% of men admit that they should do more
Dunscombe and Marsden
Identified the triple shift - work, housework, emotional labour
What did Edgell (1980) find?
Men have more power in the family over decision making
What did Pahl (1989) find?
Men benefit from the organisation of family finances, women are more likely to suffer in times of cutback
What did Stanko (2003) find about DV?
1/4 of women experience DV
More women under 40 die from DV than from cancer
What did Hakim (1979) find
Women suffer from a ‘glass ceiling’ (‘concrete ceiling’ for EMs) and both horizontal and vertical segregation at work
What did the Women and Work Commission 2006 find?
Women are clustered in the ‘5 Cs’, tend to be low paid and insecure (Guy Standing Precariat)
What % of the workforce and part time workforce do women constitute?
45% of the workforce, but 40% work full time (compared to only 11% men)
What is meant by the leaky pipeline?
Women are less represented in higher areas of work
What is the average gender pay gap and earnings gap
Pay gap -16% but earnings gap 27%
Which sector has the highest average wage gap?
Financial - up to 38% for the same roles
What does Gaye Tuchman (1978) find about the media in her content analysis
Symbolic annihilation - women are presented in a narrow range of roles and their achievements are trivialised
What did the Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation (2006) find?
There is little coverage of womens sport and it is sexualised and trivialised
What did Duncan and Messner find about women’s sports
97% of sports presenters are male; they use demeaning language when talking about female althletes
What did Wolf (1990) find (Media)?
The media has a ‘beauty ideal’ - encourages women to feel they need to improve their bodies
What did Orbach (1991) find - Media?
Media creates eating disorders due to obsession with weight and shape - over 3/4 of magazine covers refer to appearance negatively
What did Kilbourne (1995) find (media)?
Sexual objectification of women (for instance Page 3 - Object campaign and Levinson enquiry) presents women through the ‘male gaze’
What did Sontag find about women in the media?
They face a ‘double standard’ - they are judged by their appearance as presenters rather than their skill, creating a silver ceiling
What % of movies are directed by females?
Only 6% and only one has ever won the Oscar for Best Director
What did Francis (2000) find - education?
Males dominate the attention in schools, females are sidelined and their achievements diminished
What did Best (1995) find in her content analysis of school resources?
Women are represented in a narrow range of stereotypical roles
What did the Government Equalities Office 2007 find about women in educational institutions?
Women make up 37% of secondary school heads and only 13% of university heads
What did Kelley say about the education of science?
Science is packaged in a masculine way
What did Buswell say about vocational courses?
Vocational courses create gender segregation, which impacts future earnings
What does Bordieu suggest
The hidden curriculum - which reinforces gender stereotypes
What does Mac an Ghaill say about females (education)?
Females at school are seen through the ‘male gaze’ and judged on sexual attractiveness (Sue Lees- double standard)
What does the Government Equalities Office 2007 find about women in political power?
Only 10% judges are females; only 19% MPs female; 20% of House of Lords are female
What did Heidensohn find about women in the CJS?
They are viewed as ‘doubly deviant’ leading to harsher punishments
What does Carol Smart suggest about rape cases?
Women face ‘secondary victimisation’ in the hands of the court
Which proportion of women experience rape or DV
1/3 worldwide
What did Carol Smart say happens in rape cases?
Women face secondary victimisation
Seeing male sexual desires as uncontrollable blames the victim
What did Walklate find?
Women are seen as ‘on trial’ in rape cases
What did Dworkin find?
Portrayal of women in pornography encourages sexual violence
What did Hagan find in his Canada study?
There was more informal control of women than men
What did Farrington and West discover?
Magistrates discriminate between women based on their ‘family role’ and ‘moral baggage’
Which did Laidler and Hunt study?
Ethnographic study of 141 girls, found that membership was based on hegemonic gender roles
What does Walter suggest?
Although women have achieved much since the 1970s. a return to Liberal Feminism is needed to overcome the barriers women still face
What did Connell do?
Add the idea of masculinities to sociology?
What did Hedderman find?
Women face less harsh punishments in the criminal justice system
