Females and Gender Inequality

Question 1

What does Allan and Crow (2002) find about women in the family?

Answer 1

Reaffirmed Oakley’s 1974 work, women still face a ‘double shift’

Question 2

What did the Lader et al study find (family) - 2005

Answer 2

Women do an average of 21 hours of housework per week, men 12

Question 3

What did the Policy Studies Institute 2012 find?

Answer 3

Women still do the ‘lion’s share’ of housework; 50% of men admit that they should do more

Question 4

Dunscombe and Marsden

Answer 4

Identified the triple shift - work, housework, emotional labour

Question 5

What did Edgell (1980) find?

Answer 5

Men have more power in the family over decision making

Question 6

What did Pahl (1989) find?

Answer 6

Men benefit from the organisation of family finances, women are more likely to suffer in times of cutback

Question 7

What did Stanko (2003) find about DV?

Answer 7

1/4 of women experience DV

More women under 40 die from DV than from cancer

Question 8

What did Hakim (1979) find

Answer 8

Women suffer from a ‘glass ceiling’ (‘concrete ceiling’ for EMs) and both horizontal and vertical segregation at work

Question 9

What did the Women and Work Commission 2006 find?

Answer 9

Women are clustered in the ‘5 Cs’, tend to be low paid and insecure (Guy Standing Precariat)

Question 10

What % of the workforce and part time workforce do women constitute?

Answer 10

45% of the workforce, but 40% work full time (compared to only 11% men)

Question 11

What is meant by the leaky pipeline?

Answer 11

Women are less represented in higher areas of work

Question 12

What is the average gender pay gap and earnings gap

Answer 12

Pay gap -16% but earnings gap 27%

Question 13

Which sector has the highest average wage gap?

Answer 13

Financial - up to 38% for the same roles

Question 14

What does Gaye Tuchman (1978) find about the media in her content analysis

Answer 14

Symbolic annihilation - women are presented in a narrow range of roles and their achievements are trivialised

Question 15

What did the Women’s Sport and Fitness Foundation (2006) find?

Answer 15

There is little coverage of womens sport and it is sexualised and trivialised

Question 16

What did Duncan and Messner find about women’s sports

Answer 16

97% of sports presenters are male; they use demeaning language when talking about female althletes

Question 17

What did Wolf (1990) find (Media)?

Answer 17

The media has a ‘beauty ideal’ - encourages women to feel they need to improve their bodies

Question 18

What did Orbach (1991) find - Media?

Answer 18

Media creates eating disorders due to obsession with weight and shape - over 3/4 of magazine covers refer to appearance negatively

Question 19

What did Kilbourne (1995) find (media)?

Answer 19

Sexual objectification of women (for instance Page 3 - Object campaign and Levinson enquiry) presents women through the ‘male gaze’

Question 20

What did Sontag find about women in the media?

Answer 20

They face a ‘double standard’ - they are judged by their appearance as presenters rather than their skill, creating a silver ceiling

Question 21

What % of movies are directed by females?

Answer 21

Only 6% and only one has ever won the Oscar for Best Director

Question 22

What did Francis (2000) find - education?

Answer 22

Males dominate the attention in schools, females are sidelined and their achievements diminished

Question 23

What did Best (1995) find in her content analysis of school resources?

Answer 23

Women are represented in a narrow range of stereotypical roles

Question 24

What did the Government Equalities Office 2007 find about women in educational institutions?

Answer 24

Women make up 37% of secondary school heads and only 13% of university heads

Question 25

What did Kelley say about the education of science?

Answer 25

Science is packaged in a masculine way

Question 26

What did Buswell say about vocational courses?

Answer 26

Vocational courses create gender segregation, which impacts future earnings

Question 27

What does Bordieu suggest

Answer 27

The hidden curriculum - which reinforces gender stereotypes

Question 28

What does Mac an Ghaill say about females (education)?

Answer 28

Females at school are seen through the ‘male gaze’ and judged on sexual attractiveness (Sue Lees- double standard)

Question 29

What does the Government Equalities Office 2007 find about women in political power?

Answer 29

Only 10% judges are females; only 19% MPs female; 20% of House of Lords are female

Question 30

What did Heidensohn find about women in the CJS?

Answer 30

They are viewed as ‘doubly deviant’ leading to harsher punishments

Question 31

What does Carol Smart suggest about rape cases?

Answer 31

Women face ‘secondary victimisation’ in the hands of the court

Question 32

Which proportion of women experience rape or DV

Answer 32

1/3 worldwide

Question 33

What did Carol Smart say happens in rape cases?

Answer 33

Women face secondary victimisation

Seeing male sexual desires as uncontrollable blames the victim

Question 34

What did Walklate find?

Answer 34

Women are seen as ‘on trial’ in rape cases

Question 35

What did Dworkin find?

Answer 35

Portrayal of women in pornography encourages sexual violence

Question 36

What did Hagan find in his Canada study?

Answer 36

There was more informal control of women than men

Question 37

What did Farrington and West discover?

Answer 37

Magistrates discriminate between women based on their ‘family role’ and ‘moral baggage’

Question 38

Which did Laidler and Hunt study?

Answer 38

Ethnographic study of 141 girls, found that membership was based on hegemonic gender roles

Question 39

What does Walter suggest?

Answer 39

Although women have achieved much since the 1970s. a return to Liberal Feminism is needed to overcome the barriers women still face

Question 40

What did Connell do?

Answer 40

Add the idea of masculinities to sociology?

Question 41

What did Hedderman find?

Answer 41

Women face less harsh punishments in the criminal justice system