Ethnicity and Inequality Flashcards
What did the British Social Attitudes survey find about racist attitudes?
25% said they were racially prejudiced in 2000, 31% in 2002)
Rothon and Heath - what caused the rise in racist attitudes 2000-2002?
Negative portrayals of EMs in the media (eg as asylum seekers, immigrants and terrorists)
What did the Runnymeade Trust find in the media
Islamophobia in the media encourages a cultural view that Muslims are a threat - this is a new ‘discourse’
What does media coverage of social unrest cause?
A blaming of EM for violence without explaining the actual causes
What did Philio and Beattie find about moral panics? (GUMG)
The media equate all immigrants with illegal immigrants - portraying all as a threat
Ameli - media
Found the media portrays all Muslims as the same and the ‘enemy within’ - any Muslim is seen as having the ability to become extreme, the media rarelt shows events from a Muslim perspective
Van Dijk - Blacks in the media
Blacks are often portrayed in the media as criminal
Atkini - media
The media often portrays a superficial and inaccurate view of Black life, focuses on negatives
Agbetu - media
‘a Black person in the media has three attributes: criminality, sports or entertainment’
What did the BBC find in 2002?
Asian audiences were dissatisified by the lack of differentiation between Asian groups in the media
What did Shah find? (media)
EMs are ‘props’ in the media, ‘tokenism’ occurs even when it doesn’t make sense/is incongruous
What did Hall and Sewell find?
Moral panics in the media affected perceptions of EMs
What did Barker find - media?
Media plays down the impact of racism
What did Bowie find (adv)?
Media representations of Chinese are less discriminatory
What did Solomos and Back find (adv)?
There are now more common and positive representations of EMs in the media
What did a content analysis of the news in 1997 find?
The news contained antiracist messages
How much more likely are Blacks to be out of work?
3 times more likely than Whites
What did the Hills Report (2010) find about pay inequality?
Black EMs receive between 13-21% less than White employees - an average whites earn £1.80 more per hour
What did the Joseph Rowntree Foundation find in 2007 (work)?
In managerial positions black men earn an average of 25% less than whites
How much more likely are African-Caribbean and African graduates to be out of work?
Af-Car: 2 times, Af: 3 times
What does Yi Cheung call discrepancies in work?
The ethnic penalty
What did Jenkins find about the interview process?
It was impacted by stereotypical assumptions
What the did the Cabinet Office blame for lower Black EM employment?
A lack of social capital
What did Bhopal find about EM female employment?
Due to traditional gender roles Bangladeshi and Pakistani women often have to stay at home - this restricts them to lowly paid jobs within the home (purdah - seclusion of women)
What did the Cabinet Office find about employment of Pakistani men?
1/8 are taxi drivers compared to 1/100 average population
What percentage of young Bangladeshi and Indians are unemployed?
35%, compared to 11% white
What % of Muslim men are employed compared to Christian men?
13% Muslim men compared to 4% Christian
Which EM group suffers the largest pay gap?
Bangladeshi
What did the Joseph Rowntree Foundation find about EMs and poverty levels?
40% of EMS live in poverty including 50% of EM children - compared to 20% of Whites
How many Bangladeshi and Indian women do not work?
Around 70%
Which sector is the largest employer of EM groups?
The service sector (about 70% Bangladeshi men employed here) - often low paid, part time and insecure
Which EM group is the best paid and highest earning?
Chinese - evidence of advantaged EM
ONS finds they are the most likely EM group to be in the professional/managerial classes
Which % of small UK businesses are owned by which EM?
25% by Indians
Which % of Indian men are in professional work?
47% compared to 41% whites
Which EM are the least likely to face discrimination?
Indian
How many more Chinese people have Uni qualifications than White?
2 times more - gender does not make a difference
How many racist incidents were reported in schools in 2002-6?
10,000 (Mirza)
What does Wright say about EMs in schools?
Assumptions that Asians are passive means that Asians are ignored
How many Bangladeshi children have one or more A levels?
Under 40% (45% white)
Which percentage of Bangladeshi children’s parents do not have qualifications?
83%
What did the DfES report was the Black A*-C GCSE rate?
48% Blacks get 5A-C compared to 58% of Whites
What did Gillborn find in schools?
Institutional racism
What did the Wanless Report find happened in schools?
Although Black pupils performed better than White on entrance tests, if the tests were based on pupil observation Black pupils did worse
Which % of children claim a racist attack happens to them at least once a week?
25% report racist name calling at least once a week (DfES)
Which % of Indian children achieve 5A*-C GCSEs?
70% (58% White, 48% Black)
What did Connolly find (education)?
Teachers ignore the bad behaviour of Asian boysq
What is evidence that some EM children are making progress in education?
Gains in achievement of 28% (Bangladeshi) and 22% (Indian) - closed the gap with the national average
What did the Macpherson Report find?
Institutional racism within the police
What did Lea and Young say about EM Victimisation?
Their risk of victimisation was higher, but it was underreported
How many racially motivated crimes were there in 2006-7?
6,000 (an increase of 28% from 2001)
Which act added ‘racially motivated attacks’ to the law?
Crime and Disorder Act 1998
What did the Ofcom study 2008 find?
That EM adults are more likely to download/access media - more influenced by it??
What did the GMUG 2000 find?
A drastic reduction (50%) in factual programmes about the developing world
What did Rutland find in schools?
Children could hide their racist prejudices
What is the difference in infant mortality for African mothers?
100% higher
What is the Pakistani and Bangladeshi health disadvantage?
5 times higher rate of diabetes
50% higher heart disease
What is the % chance of ill health for all EMs?
30% higher chance of ill health
