(VI)Gram Positive Cocci (2)*Staphylococcus aureus Flashcards

1
Q

Characterize (5) : Staph. aureus

A

(1) Catalase (+)
(2) Coagulase (+)
(3) β-hemolytic
(4) Ferments mannitol
(5) gram (+) cocci

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2
Q

What color does Staph. aureus turn mannitol agar?

A

Yellow

(Aureus = gold)

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3
Q

What is Staph. aureus’ main virulence factor?

A

Protein A

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4
Q

MOA: Staph. aureus’ Protein A

A

**Binds Fc region of IgG **

(⇒ Inhibition of complement ⇒ Inhibition of phagocytosis and opsonization)

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5
Q

Where does Staph. aureus colonize?

A

Nares (nostrils)

(And many other places)

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6
Q

Name 7 common infections caused by Staph. aureus

A
  1. Localized skin infections (often suppurative): folliculitis, carbuncle, furuncle, impetigo, cellulitis, surgical wound infection
  2. Deep infections (forms deep abscesses): osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, various other organs (kidney, brain, lung)
  3. Endocarditis (acute and rapidly fatal, usually left-sided, right-sided occurs in intravenous drug abusers - IVDA)
  4. Pneumonia (secondary to influenza viral infections, following right-sided endocarditis – commonly in IVDA)
  5. SSSS (due to epidermolytic toxins)
  6. Toxic shock syndrome (due to TSST-1)
  7. Food poisoning (due to enterotoxins)
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7
Q

How does pneumonia caused by Staph. aureus appear on chest x-ray?

A

Patchy infiltrate

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8
Q

What is the most common predisposing factor to developing pneumonia due to Staph. aureus?

A

Secondary to influenza viral infections

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9
Q

Who most commonly contracts Staph. aureus endocarditis?

A

IV drug abusers (IVDA)

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10
Q

Which valve is usually affected in Staph. aureus endocarditis?

A

Tricuspid valve

(First valve seeded by IV drug use)

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11
Q

Exotoxins (3) : Staph. aureus

A

(1) Epidermolytic toxin
(2) TSST
(3) Enterotoxin

(TSST = Toxin Shock Syndrome Toxin)

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12
Q

Which Staph. aureus exotoxin is a superantigen?

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

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13
Q

Describe the food poisoning caused by Staph. aureus’ enterotoxin

A

(1) Rapid onset
(2) Mostly vomiting

(Rapid onset because it’s due to ingestion of preformed toxins)

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14
Q

What type of food is most associated with food poisoning due to Staph. aureus?

A

Mayonnaise and meats

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15
Q

What is the preferred treatment for MRSA?

A

Vancomycin, linzolid, ceftabiprole, ceftaroline, daptomycin

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16
Q

Treatment: Methicillin sensitive Staph. aureus

A

Cloxacillin

17
Q

Hemolysis: Staph. aureus

A

β

18
Q

A coagulase negative staph that behaves like staph aureus in endocarditis: […]

A

A coagulase negative staph that behaves like staph aureus in endocarditis: Staph Lugdenensis

19
Q

Coagulase negative staphs are generally susceptible to what drug?
[…]

A

Coagulase negative staphs are generally susceptible to what drug?
Vancomycin

20
Q

Coagulase test is used to differentiate […]

A

Coagulase test is used to differentiate Staphylococcus aureus (positive) from Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CONS)
CONs = staph lugdunensis, staph epidermidis, staph saprophyticus

21
Q

Impetigo (say “im-puh-TIE-go”) is a bacterial skin infection. It causes red sores that can break open, ooze fluid, and develop a yellow-brown crust. These sores can occur anywhere on the body

What bacteria can cause impetigo?

[…]

A

Impetigo (say “im-puh-TIE-go”) is a bacterial skin infection. It causes red sores that can break open, ooze fluid, and develop a yellow-brown crust. These sores can occur anywhere on the body

What bacteria can cause impetigo?

Streps or Staph aureus

22
Q

Name some clinical presentation of Staph Aureus (there are 7 commoner ones) (vvvvvvvv IMPT!!!)

[…]

A

Name some clinical presentation of Staph Aureus (there are 7 commoner ones) (vvvvvvvv IMPT!!!)

  1. Localized skin infections (often suppurative): folliculitis, carbuncle, furuncle, impetigo, cellulitis, surgical wound infection
  2. Deep infections (forms deep abscesses): osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, various other organs (kidney, brain, lung)
  3. Endocarditis (acute and rapidly fatal, usually left-sided, right-sided occurs in intravenous drug abusers - IVDA)
  4. Pneumonia (secondary to influenza viral infections, following right-sided endocarditis – commonly in IVDA)
  5. SSSS (due to epidermolytic toxins)
  6. Toxic shock syndrome (due to TSST-1)
  7. Food poisoning (due to enterotoxins)

SSSS = Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome

23
Q

Rapid onset of symptoms in contaminated food can be attributed to […]

A

Rapid onset of symptoms in contaminated food can be attributed to PREFORMED TOXINS (eg. from staph aureus or shiga)

Impt concept.

24
Q

Staph Aureus Bacteremia (presence of bacteria in circulating blood). Where most likely did it come from?

[…]

A

Staph Aureus Bacteremia (presence of bacteria in circulating blood). Where most likely did it come from?

Bones (ask for sore joints)
heart (listen to heart)

25
Q

Staph Saprophyticus can be found in […]

Clinical Presentation:
[…]

Treatment:
[…]

A

Staph Saprophyticus can be found in vaginal flora

Clinical Presentation:
UTI in sexually active young women (2nd most common cause of UTI in young women, first alw E.coli)

Treatment:
Co-trimoxazole

26
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

Biochemical Tests: […]

Histology: […]

Character: […]

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

Biochemical Tests: Catalase positive + Coagulase positive

Histology: Grape like clusters of gram positive cocci

Character: Usually facultative anaerobes

27
Q

Treatment for Staph Aureus (IMPT!!)

1st line: […]
Penicillin allergy: […]
BL producing strains: […]
MRSA: […]
Topical: […]

A

Treatment for Staph Aureus (IMPT!!)

1st line: Cloxacillin (generally used for staph aureus)
Penicillin allergy: Erythromycin/clindamycin (macrolides)
BL producing strains: Co-amoxiclav (cuz need the BL inhibitor!)
MRSA: Vancomycin/linezolid/ceftabiprole/ceftaroline/daptomycin
Topical: Mupirocin/chlorhexidine (eradicate nasal carriage)

DRAIN THE PUS (V V IMPT WHERE APPROPRIATE)

28
Q

What are the virulence factors of S. Aureus? (got alot,,, j say 4) (IMPT!!)

  • […]
  • […]
  • […]
  • […]
  • […]
A

What are the virulence factors of S. Aureus? (got alot,,, j say 4) (IMPT!!)

  • Protein A which binds the Fc portion of IgG (inhibits opsonisation)
  • leukocidin (destroys phagocytes) degradative enzymes (breaks down host molecules to provide nutrients), some products damage host cell membrane
  • Enterotoxins A-E (heat stable, source of food poisoning),
  • Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1, a superantigen, able to activate a broad spectrum of T cells, resulting in massive cytokine release),
  • Epidermolytic toxins A & B (Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: local effects - pemphigus neonatorum in neonates, bullous impetigo in adults; systemic effects - **Ritter’s disease in neonates, toxic epidermal necrolysis in adults) **

Just memorize
Protein A which binds Fc portion of IgG (relate to Staph** A**ureus)
TSST (relate to Toxic Shock Syndrome)
Epidermolytic toxin A&B (relate to SSSS)