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BIO 2102 > VESSELS* CH 20 > Flashcards

VESSELS* CH 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify and describe the three layers of vessels from least to most superficial (inside to out)

A

Tunica Intima - simple squamous epithelium; keeps blood cells from sticking

Tunica Media - Smooth Muscle; vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Tunica Externa - Collagen fibers anchors the vessel to surrounding tissue

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2
Q

Small vessels that supply blood to outer half of wall in the larger vessels

A

Vasa Vasorum

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3
Q
A

A - Tunica Interna
B - Tunica Media
C - Tunica Externa

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4
Q

What type of tissue makes up capillaries? What tunic contains this same tissue

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium
TUNICA INTERNA

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5
Q

Identify and describe the components of an aneurysm. What commonly causes it?

A

A weak point in an artery or within the heart wall that are likely to rupture causing hemorrhaging

Most commonly caused by atherosclerosis and HTN

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6
Q

Identify and describe the arterial sense organs

A

Carotid Sinuses - Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure in the carotid artery

Carotid Bodies - Chemoreceptors monitor O2 and CO2 levels + pH in the carotid artery

Aortic Bodies - Chemoreceptors monitor O2 and CO2 levels + pH in the aortic arch

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7
Q

Identify the function of pericytes

A

Stabilize the vessel wall + regulate permeability in continuous capillaries

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8
Q

Identify and describe the capillary types

A

Continuous - Least leaky; found in skin and muscles

Fenestrated - More permeable than continuous capillaries; found in organs that require rapid absorption + filtration: Kidneys + Small Intestine

Sinusoid - Most leaky, contain blood filled spaces + large fenestrations; found in liver, bone marrow, spleen

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9
Q

Pressure in Veins vs Arteries

A

Veins are steady, slow, and continuous unlike arteries

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10
Q

At any given point in time, where is most of the blood found within the body?

A

Veins

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11
Q

What causes varicose veins?

A

Blood pools in veins if you stand for too long;
More prone: Hereditary Weakness, Obesity, Pregnancy

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12
Q

What is the most common pathway of blood starting at the heart?

A

Heart
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

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13
Q

Describe a portal system

A

Blood flows through two consecutive capillary netwroks before returning to heart

B in the image

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14
Q

What is an anastomosis? What are the different types?

A

Convergence between two vessels not in a capillary

Arteriovenous Anastomosis - Artery to Vein

Venous Anastomosis - Vein to Vein (most common) (D)

Arterial Anastomosis - Artery to Artery (E)

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15
Q

How are pressure, flow, and resistance related?

A

Flow = △ PRESSURE / RESISTANCE

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16
Q

If you increase or decrease pressure, how does that affect flow? Is this relationship inversely or directly proportional?

A

Flow = △ PRESSURE / RESISTANCE

If you increase pressure, you increase flow

If you decrease pressure, you decrease flow

Directly proportional

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17
Q

If you increase or decrease resistance, how does that affect flow? Is this relationship inversely or directly proportional?

A

Flow = △ PRESSURE / RESISTANCE

If you increase resistance, you decrease flow

If you decrease resistance, you increase flow

Inversely proportional

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18
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic Pressure

A

Systolic - Peak arterial BP taken during ventricular systole

Diastolic - minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular diastole

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19
Q

What is a normal BP value for a young adult

A

120/75

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20
Q

Define atherosclerosis; how does it impact blood pressure?

A

The buildup of fats, cholesterol, ad other substances on the artery wall

Increases blood pressure to try to increase flow

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21
Q

Define arteriosclerosis; how does it impact blood pressure?

A

The stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues

Increases blood pressure to try to increase flow

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22
Q

Hypertension

A

Chonic high resting BP
(any of the two numbers)

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23
Q

Hypotension

A

Chronic low resting BP
(any of the two numbers)

24
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

Temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclined position

25
Q

Chronic Hypoension

A

Hint of poor nutrition and a warning sing for addisons disease or hypothyroidism

26
Q

Acute Hypotension

A

Severe temporary low BP; sign of circulatory shock (not any blood + oxygen flow through body)

27
Q

What three variables determine blood pressure? How does changing any of these factors effect BP

A
  • Cardiac Output
  • Blood volume
  • Resistance to flow

These are all directly proportional to BP; if you increase any you increase BP, If you decrease any you decfrease BP

28
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

The resistance of flow that blood encounters away from the heart

29
Q

What three factors affect peripheral resistance?

A

Blood Viscosity
Directly Proportional

Vessel Length
Directly Proportional

Vessel Radius
Inversely Proportional

30
Q

Why does blood speed decrease from the aorta to the capillaries?

A
  • It has traveled a greater distance
  • Smaller radius of arterioles and capillaries (increases resistance)
  • Number of vessels increase and blood encounters more resistance
31
Q

Why does blood speed increase again as it travels through the veins? Does it regain the same speed as it did in the larger arteries?

A

Veins are larger and therefore the blood encounters less resistance

No

32
Q

List the three ways the body can control vasomotor activity

A

Local Control
Neural Control
Hormonal Control

33
Q

LOCAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Autoregulation

A

The ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply by vasoconstricting or vasodilating

34
Q

LOCAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Vasoactive Chemicals

A

Substances secreted by platelets, endothelial cells, and perivascular tissues in response to resistance in order to stimulate + dilate vessels

  • Occurs during trauma, inflammation or exercise
35
Q

LOCAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Reactive Hyperemia

A

A short period of time following the period where blood supply is cut off and restored where flow increases above normal (to make up for what was lost)

36
Q

LOCAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Angiogenesis

A

The growth or creation of new blood vessels in response to damage (or natural shedding like after a woman’s period)

37
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Baroreflex

A

Negative feedback in response to blood pressure; activated when BP gets too high

38
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Chemoreflex

A

Primary Role:
Adjust respiration levels in response to a change or irregular concetration of CO2 or O2

Secondary Role: Vasodilation + Vasoconstriction

39
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Define Medullary Ischemic Reflex

A

Increase HR and BP to the heart in response to low oxygen levels to the brain

40
Q

HORMONAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Identify and describe the function + production of Angiotensin II

A

Angiotensin I > Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) > Angiotensin II

It is a potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure

41
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Identify the function of Aldosterone

A

Increase BP by retaining sodium + water in the kidneys

42
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Identify the function of Natriuretic Peptides

A

Secreted by the heart causing the kidneys to excrete sodium + water and has a vasodilator effect which both lower BP

43
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Identify the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Promotes water retention and raises BP

44
Q

NEURAL CONTROL ON VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY:
Identify the function of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

Stimulates vasoconstriction and raises BP

45
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

46
Q

Identify and describe the three primary causes of edema

A

Increased Capilary Filtration- Too much liquid leaving the capillaries

Reduced Capillary Reabsorption - Not enough fluid is being absorbed by the capillaries

Obstructed Lymphatic Drainage - Lymphatic issues with draining excess fluid

47
Q

What is venous return? Identify and describe the five mechanisms that help achieve this

A

Flow of blood back to the heart

Pressure Gradient - difference in pressure that drives flow

Gravity - Drains blood from the head to the neck

Skeletal Muscle Pump - Moving muscles to help milk blood through the veins

Thoracic Pump - Pressure changes that come from breathing allows blood to be sucked up to the heart

Cardiac Suction - Suction draws blood from the vena cava into the atria

GPS TC

48
Q

What is circulatory shock?

A

Not getting enough blood to the body and back to the heart

49
Q

Identify and describe the two types of circulatory shock

A

Cardiogenic Shock - Inadequate pumping of the heart

Hypovolemic Shock - Most common; due to a loss of blood

50
Q

-Capnia

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

51
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Too much carbon dioxide in the brain causes pH to drop + triggers vasodilation to get rid of CO2

52
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Not enough carbon dioxide in the brain causes pH to increase + triggers vasoconstriction to retain more CO2

53
Q

TIA vs CVA

A

Transient Ischemic Attack - Mini stroke often an early warning of an impending stroke to come

Cerebrovascular Accident - Sudden death of brain tissue caused by a lack of blood + O2 to the brain

54
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

Presence of air in the bloodstream; small amounts can cause a cardiac arrest

55
Q

Primary vs Secondary Hypertension

A

Primary - Caused by obesity, poor diet, smoking (90% of Cases)

Secondary - Caused by another underlying cause or disorder (10% of Cases)

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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