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BIO 2102 > HEART* CH 19 > Flashcards

HEART* CH 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the goal of the pulmonary circuit?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange and back to the heart

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2
Q

What is the goal of the systemic circuit?

A

Supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart

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3
Q

What are the two circuits?
What side are they each associated with?
Does it deal with oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary Circuit - Right
Deoxygenated Blood

Systemic Circuit - Left
Oxygenated Blood

LORD

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4
Q

What is the anatomical space between the lungs called?

A

Mediastinum

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5
Q

Identify and describe the function of the pericardium

A

A serous membrane that reduces fiction as the heart beats

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6
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericaditis

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7
Q

Identify the three layers of the pericardium from most to least superficial (outside to inside). Where is serous fluid found?

A
  • Fibrous Pericardium
  • Parietal Layer
  • Serous Fluid (Pericardial Cavity)
  • Visceral Layer (Epicardium)
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8
Q
A

A - Pericardial Cavity
B - Fibrous Pericardium
C - Parietal Layer
D - Epicardium OR Visceral Layer

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9
Q
A

A - Myocardium
B - Endocardium
C - Epicardium

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10
Q

Identify and describe the layers of the heart wall from most to least superficial (from outside in)

A

Epicardium - Directly covers the heart and has coronary blood vessels traveling through it

Myocardium - Cardiac muscle. Fibrous skeleton anchors muscle fibers

Endocardium - Inner lining of the heart and blood vessles

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11
Q

Identify the sources of blood for the right atrium. Is it oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

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12
Q

Identify the sources of blood for the left atrium. Is it oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Right + Left Pulmonary Veins

OXYGENATED BLOOD
(Directly from lungs)

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13
Q

Identify the chamber of the heart with the thickest layer of myocardium. Why?

A

The LEFT ventricle
It sends blood up to the aorta via the aortic valve and sends blood into systemic circulation, providing oxygen and nutrients for ALL (but the lungs) the tissues in our body

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14
Q

Identify the two atrioventricular valves

A

Right AV Valve - Tricuspid
Left AV Valve - Mitral

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15
Q

Identify the two semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary SL Valve
Aortic SL Valve

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16
Q

What is the goal of the AV Valves?

A

AV Valves make sure blood flows from the atria to the ventricles and not the opposite direction

Prevents backflow of blood into the right and left atria

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17
Q

What is the goal of the SL Valves?

A

SL Valves prevent backflow of blood into the right and left ventricle

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18
Q

List the pathway of blood through the heart

A

1 - Superior + Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus
2 - Right Atrium
3 - Tricuspid Valve
4 - Right Ventricle
5 - Pulmonary Valve
6 - Pulmonary Arteries
7 - Lungs
8 - Pulmonary Veins
9 - Left Atrium
10 - Mitral Valve
11 - Left Ventricle
12 - Aortic Valve
13 - Aorta

5-8 VALV

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19
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain caused by lack of oxygen to cardiac muscle (can lead to MI)

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20
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart Attack
Cardiac tissue death caused by an obstruction of coronary circulation (blood supply to the heart)

Turns into disfunctional tissue which could lead to another heart attack and so on

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21
Q

Identify and describe the two types of junctions found within intercalated discs

A

Desmosomes: Hold cells together and keep them from pulling apart

Gap Junctions: Channels that allow for the passage of nutrients and signals

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22
Q

List the order of the cardiac conduction system

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers

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23
Q

Systole

A

Heart Contraction

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24
Q

Diastole

A

Heart Relaxation

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25
Q

What is the average resting heart rate of an adult? What regulates this?

A

70-80 bpm
SA Node

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26
Q

Ectopic Focus

A

When another structure takes over the job of the SA Node and effects the heart rate

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27
Q

Describe the ion movements and what each phase is called

A

RED - Depolarization: Na in
GREEN - Plateau: Ca in
ORANGE - Repolarization: K out

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28
Q

What is a the absolute refractory period?
Compared to skeletal muscle, is a cardiomyocyte cell’s absolute refractory period longer or shorter? Why?

A

Absolute refractory period is a time in which a cell cannot be excited again

Cardiomyocytes have a longer absolute refractory period that allows the heart to beat continually (rather than remaining contracted for longer periods of time)

29
Q

Describe P Wave

A

Atrial Depolarization OR Contraction

30
Q

Describe QRS Complex

A

Ventricular Depolarization OR Contraction

31
Q

Describe T Wave

A

Ventricular Repolarization OR Relaxing

32
Q
A

Sinus Rhythm (Normal)

33
Q
A

Atrial Fibrillation

34
Q
A

Premature Ventricular Contraction

35
Q
A

Ventricular Fibrillation

36
Q
A

Heart Block

37
Q

Describe the relationship between pressure and volume

A

Fluid flows from high pressure to low pressure areas.

The higher the volume the lower the pressure
The lower the volume the higher the pressure

38
Q

What tool is used to measure blood pressure? (SPELL IT CORRECTLY)

A

SPHYGMOMANOMETER

39
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

When the tricuspid and mitral valves close (AV VALVES); this happens almost simultaneously

40
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

When the pulmonary and aortic valves close (SL VALVES); this happens almost simultaneously

41
Q

Identify and describe the phases of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular Filling - As the ventricles expand, the pressure drops and blood is filled from the RA into the RV via the tricuspid valve

Isovolumetric Contraction - A short period where all the valves are closed and the ventricles begin to contract, as this happens the pressure increases

Ventricular Ejection - The increased pressure triggers the SL Valves to open and blood flows out of the ventricles

Isovolumetric Relaxation - T wave ends
(Diastolic period) and ventricles begin to expand

42
Q

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

The amount of blood that remains in each ventricle after relaxation

43
Q

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

The amount of blood remaining after contraction

44
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

Amount of blood ejected from the ventricles with each contraction

45
Q

Heart Rate (HR)

A

Beats of the heart (systolic and diastolic) per minute

46
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute (varies with respects to heart rate (bpm) and stroke volume (mL/beat))

47
Q

Identify and describe the cause of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

The failure of either ventricle to effectively eject blood

48
Q

Identify and describe the two cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata

A

Cardioacceleratory Center - Increases heart rate through the sympathetic nerve fibers

Cardioinhibitory Center - Decreases heart rate through parasympathetic nerve fibers

49
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

50
Q

What happens to cardiac output if you increase your HR or SV?

A

You increase cardiac output
(the amount of blood ejected from the heart every minute)

51
Q

What happens to cardiac output if you decrease your HR or SV?

A

You decrease cardiac output
(the amount of blood ejected from the heart every minute)

CO=HR*SV

52
Q

Tachycardia

A

Persistent resting HR above 100 bpm

53
Q

Bradycardia

A

Persistent resting HR below 60 bpm

54
Q

What is the average adult HR

A

~75 bpm

55
Q

What is the effect of positive chronotropic agents? Identify some examples

A

Raise HR
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

56
Q

What is the effect of negative chronotropic agents? Identify some examples

A

Lower HR
Acetylcholine

57
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Excess K
Slow + Irregular HR

58
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Low Blood Potassium
Cells are hyperpolarized and require increased stimulation

59
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excess Calcium
Lowers HR + Contraction Strength

60
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Calcium Deficiency
Increases HR + Contraction Strength

61
Q

Identify and describe how Preload affects SV

A

The amount of stretch in ventricles. The more stretch the more blood it can hold

(Increased preload leads to Increased SV)

62
Q

Identify and describe how Contractility affects SV

A

How forcefully the heart muscle contracts for a given preload

(DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL; Increased contractility leads to Increased SV)

63
Q

Identify and describe how Afterload affects SV

A

Afterload - The sum of the forces a ventricle must overcome to eject blood. If you have high blood pressure the heart must work more forcefully to get blood into the aorta

(Increased afterload leads to decreased SV)

64
Q

Positve vs Negative Inotropic Agents
Identify examples for each

A

Positive Inotropic Agents - Increase Contractility (Calcium, NE, Glucagon)

Negative Inotropic Agents - Decrease Contractility (Excess Potassium)

65
Q

How does exercise impact cardiac output?

A

Exercise makes the heart work harder and increases cardiac output (the amount of blood ejected per minute)

66
Q

What receptors trigger the cardiac center? How?

A

Proprioceptors; Sedns signals from joints and muscles and tell our heart rate to increase

67
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? What is it usually caused by and what are some risk factors?

A

Damage to the heart’s major blood vessels

Typically results from atherosclerosis a condition that occurs when arteries narrow due to a buildup of plaque

Bad cholesterol (LDLs), Heredity, Obesity, Smoking, Lack of Exercise, Stress, HTN, Aging

68
Q

What side of the heart is oxygenated and deoxygenated?

A

Left-Oxygenated
Right-Deoxygenated

LORD

69
Q

Which layer of the heart is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels?

A

Endocardium

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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