ENDOCRINE SYSTEM* CH 17 Flashcards by Gilberto Talamantes

Mechanisms of Communication:
Autocrine

Chemicals that are released by a cell to act on that same cell

SAME CELLS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mechanisms of Communication:
Paracrine

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

NEARBY CELLS “Partner”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mechanisms of Communication:
Hormone

Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological response in other tissues and organs

BLOODSTREAM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands

Exocrine - have ducts and EXTERNAL secretions

Endocrine - Lack ducts, INTERNAL secretions have affects on the internal mechanisms of a cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nervous vs Endocrine Systems

They are both systems that serve for internal communication
Nervous:
- React Quickly
- Adapt Quickly to Stimuli
- Local Effects

Endocrine:
- React Slowly
- Adapt Slowly to Stimuli
- Systemic Effects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Anterior vs Posterior Pituitary: What are the purpose and make up of both?

Anterior Pituitary:
Linked and regulated by the Hypothalamus through blood vessels

Posterior Pituitary:
Composed of nerve tissue as an extenion of the brain and stores hormones that are released by the Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the 8 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Somatostatin
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

(g)Girls Produce The Strongest Children On Average

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary? What are their functions?

Oxytocin - Stimulate labor contractions and milk release
Antidiuretic Hormone - Retain water in the kidneys

ON AVERAGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

Adrenocorticotropic H.
Thyroid Stimulating H.
Follicle Stimulating H.
Growth H.
Luteinizing H.
Prolactin

ALL THE FAT GIRLS LIKE PIZZA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates secretion of femal sex hormones and sperm production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Growth Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates mitosis and growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Luteinizing Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates ovulation and testosterone secretion

“LOT”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Prolactin

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in children

Gigantism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in adults

Acromegaly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone in children

Pituitary Dwarfism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List the hormones released by the pineal gland

Melatonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cells in the thyroid secrete thyroid hormone?

Follicular Cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the difference between T3 and T4?

It refers to the amount of iodine atoms:
T3 makes up about 10% and is active
T4 makes up about 90% and is inactive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4)

Thyroid Gland

Alertness, Reflex Speed, Appetite, Metabolic Rate

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Calcitonin

Thyroid Gland

Lowers blood calcium by bringing it IN the bone

A - Higher Brain Centers
B - Hypothalamus
C - Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
D - Pituitary Gland
E - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
F - Thyroid
G - Thyroid Hormone: T3 and T4

HORMONES: What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function? Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid Gland Increases blood calcium by taking it out of the bone

What is the fuction of the adrenal medulla?

It is an endocrine gland and a main center for the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

What types of hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? What are the two specific hormones? What is their function?

Catecholamines: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity; decrease digestion and urine production

Identify the three layers of the adrenal cortex (outer to inner), what types of hormones they secrete, and their function

Zona Glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids - regulate electrolyte balance Zona Fasciculata - Glucocorticoids and Androgen Zona Reticularis - Glucocorticoids and Androgen - Regulate metabolism

List the hormones of the adrenal cortex

Androgen Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Actually Many (Apples) Grow (Cores)

What is the function of aldosterone?

Type of Mineralocorticoid that: Causes kidney to retain sodium and water

What is the function of cortisol?

Type of Glucocorticoid that: Helps body adapt to stress and repair tissue damage

What is the function of androgens?

Adrenal sex steroids that: Produce small amounts of estrogen

What are the three cell types found in the pancreatic islets? What does each cell secrete?

Alpha - Glucagon Beta - Insulin Delta - Somatostatin

How do glucagon and insulin work?

Glucagon - Glucose out of the cell Insulin - Glucose in the cell

What hormones are released from the ovaries?

Estradiol, Progesterone, Inhibin

What hormones are released from the testes?

Testosterone, Androgens, Estrogen, Inhibin

Identify and describe the two main classes of hormones

Amino-Acid Based Hormones - Peptides and Proteins Steroids - Synthesized from Cholesterol

Water vs Lipid Soluble Hormones

Water Soluble - Cannot Enter the Cell (by simple mechanism), likes being outside of the cell Lipid Soluble - Can Enter the Cell

Identify and describe the three modes of hormone secretion

Neural Stimuli - Within the nervous sytem, brain Hormonal Stimuli - Hormones causing other hormones to be released Humural Stimuli - Stimuli from blood

Describe Up-Regulation

Increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors

Describe Down-Regulation

Decreasing cell sensitivity to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors

Synergistic Effects

Multiple hormones act together for a greater effect

Permissive Effects

One hormone enhances the target organ's response to a later hormone One hormone unlocking the door for another one

Antagonistic Effects

One hormone apposes the action of another

Homeostatic Imbalances: Hyperthyroidism

Graves Disease; bulging eyes

Homeostatic Imbalances: Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

Diabetes Insipidus; Genetic

Homeostatic Imbalances: Severe hypothyroidism in Adults

Myxedema

Homeostatic Imbalances: Endemic Goiter

Deitary Iodine deficiency causes swelling of the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism

Homeostatic Imbalances: Hypoparathyroidism

Low Blood Calcium

Homeostatic Imbalances: Hyperparathyroidism

Weak Bones, High Blood Calcium

Homeostatic Imbalances: Hypersecretion of Cortisol

Cushing Syndrome; fat but with skinny extremeties. Moon Face

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Autoimmune disorder that destroys and causes low levels of insulin

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin Resistance, treated with healthy diet or physical activity