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BIO 2102 > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM* CH 17 > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM* CH 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanisms of Communication:
Autocrine

A

Chemicals that are released by a cell to act on that same cell

SAME CELLS

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2
Q

Mechanisms of Communication:
Paracrine

A

Secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells

NEARBY CELLS “Partner”

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3
Q

Mechanisms of Communication:
Hormone

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological response in other tissues and organs

BLOODSTREAM

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4
Q

Exocrine vs Endocrine Glands

A

Exocrine - have ducts and EXTERNAL secretions

Endocrine - Lack ducts, INTERNAL secretions have affects on the internal mechanisms of a cell

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5
Q

Nervous vs Endocrine Systems

A

They are both systems that serve for internal communication
Nervous:
- React Quickly
- Adapt Quickly to Stimuli
- Local Effects

Endocrine:
- React Slowly
- Adapt Slowly to Stimuli
- Systemic Effects

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6
Q

Anterior vs Posterior Pituitary: What are the purpose and make up of both?

A

Anterior Pituitary:
Linked and regulated by the Hypothalamus through blood vessels

Posterior Pituitary:
Composed of nerve tissue as an extenion of the brain and stores hormones that are released by the Hypothalamus

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7
Q

List the 8 hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
Somatostatin
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

(g)Girls Produce The Strongest Children On Average

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8
Q

What 2 hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary? What are their functions?

A

Oxytocin - Stimulate labor contractions and milk release
Antidiuretic Hormone - Retain water in the kidneys

ON AVERAGE

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9
Q

List the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic H.
Thyroid Stimulating H.
Follicle Stimulating H.
Growth H.
Luteinizing H.
Prolactin

ALL THE FAT GIRLS LIKE PIZZA

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10
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

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11
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

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12
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates secretion of femal sex hormones and sperm production

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13
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Growth Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates mitosis and growth

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14
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Luteinizing Hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates ovulation and testosterone secretion

“LOT”

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15
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Prolactin

A

Anterior Pituitary

Stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk

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16
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in children

A

Gigantism

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17
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in adults

A

Acromegaly

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18
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone in children

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

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19
Q

List the hormones released by the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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20
Q

What cells in the thyroid secrete thyroid hormone?

A

Follicular Cells

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21
Q

What is the difference between T3 and T4?

A

It refers to the amount of iodine atoms:
T3 makes up about 10% and is active
T4 makes up about 90% and is inactive

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22
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4)

A

Thyroid Gland

Alertness, Reflex Speed, Appetite, Metabolic Rate

23
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Calcitonin

A

Thyroid Gland

Lowers blood calcium by bringing it IN the bone

24
Q
A

A - Higher Brain Centers
B - Hypothalamus
C - Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
D - Pituitary Gland
E - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
F - Thyroid
G - Thyroid Hormone: T3 and T4

25
Q

HORMONES:
What Gland Secretes This Hormone + What is its Function?
Parathyroid Hormone

A

Parathyroid Gland

Increases blood calcium by taking it out of the bone

26
Q

What is the fuction of the adrenal medulla?

A

It is an endocrine gland and a main center for the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

27
Q

What types of hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? What are the two specific hormones? What is their function?

A

Catecholamines: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Increase alertness and prepare body for physical activity; decrease digestion and urine production

28
Q

Identify the three layers of the adrenal cortex (outer to inner), what types of hormones they secrete, and their function

A

Zona Glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids - regulate electrolyte balance

Zona Fasciculata - Glucocorticoids and Androgen

Zona Reticularis - Glucocorticoids and Androgen - Regulate metabolism

29
Q

List the hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

Androgen
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Actually
Many (Apples)
Grow (Cores)

30
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

Type of Mineralocorticoid that:
Causes kidney to retain sodium and water

31
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

Type of Glucocorticoid that:
Helps body adapt to stress and repair tissue damage

32
Q

What is the function of androgens?

A

Adrenal sex steroids that:
Produce small amounts of estrogen

33
Q

What are the three cell types found in the pancreatic islets? What does each cell secrete?

A

Alpha - Glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - Somatostatin

34
Q

How do glucagon and insulin work?

A

Glucagon - Glucose out of the cell
Insulin - Glucose in the cell

35
Q

What hormones are released from the ovaries?

A

Estradiol, Progesterone, Inhibin

36
Q

What hormones are released from the testes?

A

Testosterone, Androgens, Estrogen, Inhibin

37
Q

Identify and describe the two main classes of hormones

A

Amino-Acid Based Hormones - Peptides and Proteins

Steroids - Synthesized from Cholesterol

38
Q

Water vs Lipid Soluble Hormones

A

Water Soluble - Cannot Enter the Cell (by simple mechanism), likes being outside of the cell

Lipid Soluble - Can Enter the Cell

39
Q

Identify and describe the three modes of hormone secretion

A

Neural Stimuli - Within the nervous sytem, brain

Hormonal Stimuli - Hormones causing other hormones to be released

Humural Stimuli - Stimuli from blood

40
Q

Describe Up-Regulation

A

Increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone by increasing the number of receptors

41
Q

Describe Down-Regulation

A

Decreasing cell sensitivity to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors

42
Q

Synergistic Effects

A

Multiple hormones act together for a greater effect

43
Q

Permissive Effects

A

One hormone enhances the target organ’s response to a later hormone

One hormone unlocking the door for another one

44
Q

Antagonistic Effects

A

One hormone apposes the action of another

45
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hyperthyroidism

A

Graves Disease; bulging eyes

46
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Diabetes Insipidus; Genetic

47
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Severe hypothyroidism in Adults

A

Myxedema

48
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances: Endemic Goiter

A

Deitary Iodine deficiency causes swelling of the thyroid gland and hypothyroidism

49
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hypoparathyroidism

A

Low Blood Calcium

50
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hyperparathyroidism

A

Weak Bones, High Blood Calcium

51
Q

Homeostatic Imbalances:
Hypersecretion of Cortisol

A

Cushing Syndrome; fat but with skinny extremeties. Moon Face

52
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Autoimmune disorder that destroys and causes low levels of insulin

53
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Insulin Resistance, treated with healthy diet or physical activity

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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