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BIO 2102 > RESPIRATORY* CH 22 > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY* CH 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify and describe the main functions of the respiratory system (3/5)

A

Gas Exchange: O2 + CO2 Exchanged between blood and air

Olfaction: Smell

Communication

Acid-Base Balance: altering the pH of body fluids by the concentration of CO2 in the body

Blood Pressure Regulation: Aids in the production of Angiotensin II, a hormone that regulates blood pressure

GO CAB

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2
Q

Conducting vs Respiratory Zone

A

Conducting Zone: Passage of airway
- Nostrils down through the major bronchioles

Respiratory Zone: Regions that participate in gas exchange
- Alveoli and the surrounding capillaries

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3
Q

What structures are found in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Everything including the neck and above:
Nose, Pharynx, Larynx

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4
Q

What structrures are found in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Everything below the neck, not including the neck
Bronchi, Lungs, Trachea
BLT

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5
Q

What type of tissue is found in the vestibule of the nose?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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6
Q

What type of tissue is found in the nasal mucosa?

A

Cilliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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7
Q

Identify the three divisions of the pharynx from most superior to least superior (top to bottom); describe where they are, and identify associated structures

A

Nasopharynx: Behind the nose; receives eustachian tubes

Oropharynx: Behind the mouth and tongue; contains lingual and palatine tonsils

Laryngopharynx: Behind the larynx leading to the esophagus

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8
Q

Identify the three divisions of the pharynx from most to least superior (top to bottom); identify the tissue that lines each of these

A

Nasopharynx: Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Oropharynx: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Laryngopharynx: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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9
Q

Which structure is known as the voice box?

A

Larynx (think of language for voice)

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10
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis? What type of tissue is it?

A

A flap of elastic cartilage that works to keep food and drinks out of the airway

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11
Q

What are the three main cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid Cartilage
Epiglottic Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage

TEC

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12
Q

What is the anatomical name for the adams apple?

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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13
Q

VestibularFolds vs Vocal Folds

A

Vestibular Folds - Close the larynx as you swallow
Vocal Folds - Produce sound when air passes between them

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14
Q

Which structure is known as the windpipe?

A

Trachea

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15
Q

What type of cartilage supports the trachea?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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16
Q

What is the name of the split at the bottom of the trachea?

A

Carina; it divides the trachea into the primary bronchi of the left and right lungs

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17
Q

List the three layers of the trachea from superficial to deep (outside to inside)

A

Mucosa (+)
Submucosa ($)
Adventitia (&)

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18
Q

What is the clinical term for a temporary opening in the trachea to allow for a tubal insert

A

Tracheotomy

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19
Q

Which main bronchus is wider and more vertical? Why is this important to know?

A

The RIGHT Main Bronchus; this is important because foreign objects (through aspiration) often lodge in the right main bronchus more often than the left

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20
Q

What type of tissue lines the alveoli?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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21
Q

Identify and describe the function of the different cells found in the alveoli?

A

Great Alveolar Cells: Secrete pulmonary surfactant that keep our alveoli from closing as we exhale; keeps them open

Alveolar Macrophages: Most numerous of all cells, and keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytosing dust particles

Squamous Alveolar Cells: Composed of simple squamous epithelium and allows for gas exchange

GAS

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22
Q

What is the bloodflow through the pulmonary circuit?

A

Pulmonary Trunk (in the heart)
Pulmonary Arteries (Deoxygenated blood leaving heart)
Lobar Arteries
Capillaries surrounding alveoli (to pick up oxygen)
Pulmonary Veins (returning to heart )

TALC V
VALV:
In this we are looking at this segments of blood flow through the heart and specyifying what is happening in the lugs

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23
Q

Identify the pleural layers of the lungs

A

Visceral Layer: Directly on the surface of the lungs

~~~Small amount of fluid between the two~~~

Parietal Layer: Outermost layer of the pleura and adheres to the surrounding structures

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24
Q

What are the functions of the pleura?

A

Reduce Friction

Create a Pressure Gradient - allows us to breathe

Compartmentalization - Keeps things in our lungs and other things out

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25
Q

What does Boyle’s Law state and how does this relate to airflow?

A

This is how pressure relates to
P1V1 = P2V2

The bigger the volume gets, the lower the pressure
(assuming the same amount of air in both)

When you breathe in the volume of our lungs increases and and pressure goes down. This pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure and creates a gradient forcing us to exhale. As we exhale volume in our lungs decrease and pressure goes up forcing us to inhale ….

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26
Q

What is the intrapleural pressure? Should it always be negative or positive

A

The pressure within two visceral and parietal layers of the pleura that we always want to be slightly negative (-4)

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27
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A
  • Ribs + Intercostal Muscles Expands
  • Diaphragm Moves Down
  • Volume Increases (the size of our lungs) + Pressure decreases until the intrapulmonary pressure matches with that of the atmosphere
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28
Q

What happens during expiration?

A
  • Ribs + Intercostal Muscles Relax
  • Diaphragm moves Up
  • Volume Decreases (the size of our lungs) + Pressure Increases until the intrapulmonary pressure matches with that of the atmosphere
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29
Q

Pneumothorax

A

The presence of air in the pleural cavity causes our lungs to completely collapse on themselves because of the loss of the slight negative pressure

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30
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of part or all of the lungs becuase of the loss of the slight negative pressure results in plugged bronchioles and collapsed alveoli

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31
Q

What factors influence airway resistance? How?

A

Bronchiole Diameter
- Bronchodilation lowers resistance and increases airflow (epinephrine)
- Bronchoconstriction increases resistance and decreases airflow (cold air, allergies)

Pulmonary Compliance
- Stretchiness and ability of the lungs to expand
- Increasing pulmonary compliance, decreasing resistance and increasing airflow
- Decreasing pulmonary compliance, increasing resistance and decreasing airflow

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32
Q

What can cause IRDS and how can it be treated?

A

This occurs in infants who lack surfactant, and this causes the alveoli to collapse every time they breathe

They give infants surfactant until theirlungs are done developing and they can create their own surfactant

33
Q

Normal vs Forced Expiration

A

Normal - Muscles relax and return to original position
Forced - Muscles assist

34
Q

Identify and describe the three voluntary respiratory centers

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) - In medulla and sets the pace for breathing (eupnea)

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) - In medulla and modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG) - In pons and modifies the rhythm of the VRG. Works by adapting to special circumstances such as sleep or exercise

35
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Brainstem neurons that responds to a chnage in pH of the CSF (reflected by the amount of CO2 in the blood)

36
Q

Stretch Receptors

A

Found in the smooth muscles of bronchi and bronchioles that responds to the amount of stretch as we are breathing in. This helps prevent us from breathing in for too long and avoiding damage to our muscles (Hering-Breur Reflex)

37
Q

Irritant Receptors

A

Nerve endings in the airway that restricts bronchioles in response to harmful substances to keep them out. This can causes us to hold our breath, take shallow breathing, or coughing.
Harmful substances include smoke, dust, pollen, fumes etc

38
Q

What is AVR and what does it tell us?

A

The amount of air that reaches the alveoli per minute of breathing. This tells us about our body’s ability to get oxygen to the tissues and dispose of CO2

39
Q

What instruments measure pulmonary ventilation?

A

Spirometer

40
Q

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES:
Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a one cycle of normal breathing

41
Q

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES:
Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The max amount of air that can be inhaled AFTER normal tidal wave inspiration

42
Q

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES:
Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The max amount of air that can be exhaled AFTER normal tidal wave expiration

43
Q

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES:
Residual Volume

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum respiration

44
Q

Identify the Following:

A

A - Inspiratory Reserve Volume
B - Expiratory Reserve Volume
C - Residual Volume
D - Tidal Volume

45
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

The total amount of air the lungs can hold
ALL OF IT

46
Q

Restrictive vs Obstuctive Pulmonary Disorders
Identify an Example of Each
+ Where does Emphysema Fall

A

Restrictive: Loss of functional tissue that limits how much our lungs can inflate (ex: tuberculosis)

Obstructive: Interferance or block of the airway (ex: asthma)

Emphysema combines elements of both

47
Q

RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS:
Eupnea

A

Normal, quiet, relaxed, breathing (12-20 bpm)

48
Q

RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS:
Apnea

A

Without breathing; temporary cessation of breathing

49
Q

RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS:
Dyspnea

A

Labored, gasping breathing; Shortness of Breath

50
Q

RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS:
Hyperpnea

A

Increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain etc

51
Q

RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS:
Hyperventilation

A

Increased pulmonary ventilation in EXCESS OF METABOLIC DEMAND

52
Q

RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS:
Hypoventilation

A

Reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to increase of blood carbon dioxide

53
Q

Identify (DO NOT DESCRIBE) the variables that affect alveolar gas exchange efficiency

A
  • PRESSURE GRADIENT
  • MEMBRANE SURFACE AREA
  • MEMBRANE THICKNESS
  • SOLUBILITY OF GASES
  • VENTILATION PERFUSION COUPLING

People Make Money (for) Speedy Vehicles

54
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE:
Pressure Gradient

A

The pressure gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide (the difference in concentrations across the membrane) draw oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood

55
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE:
Solubility of Gases

A

Although CO2 has a lower pressure gradient (much closer to isotonic than O2) this balances out because CO2 is much more soluble and diffuses across the membrane much faster

56
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE:
Membrane Surface Area

A

Higher surface areas are more efficient at gas exchange than lower suface areas

57
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE:
Membrane Thickness

A

In pulmonary edema and pneumonia the respiratory membrane thickens and makes the gas exchange process much more difficult

58
Q

VARIABLES AFFECTING ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE:
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

A

Pulmonary blood vessels dilating or consticting in relation to how much airflow is coming into a particular area of the lungs

59
Q

Describe alveolar gas exchange

A

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

60
Q

Identify the term used to describe hemoglobin when it is and is not bound to oxygen

A

Bound to O2 - Oxyhemoglobin

Not Bound to O2 - Deoxyhemoglobin

61
Q

Identify the ways CO2 is transported in the body (what is percentage occurence of each)

A

90% - reacts with water to form carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions to balance the pH of the blood

5% - binds to amino groups of proteins and hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin; this allows us to transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide AT THE SAME TIME

5% - settles as dissolved gas within plasma

62
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

Competes with oxygen binding sites on our hemoglobin and is much better at occupying these spaces

63
Q

Why is the chloride shift important?

A

When carbon dioxide reacts with water it creates carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbone and hydrogen ions which both work to balance our blood pH. EXCEPT we DO NOT want these molecules to interact with anything in our blood so we send the bicarbonate ion out into the plasma and back to the lungs and the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin.

A chloride ion comes in and stops further reactions from happening and allows us to maintain our blood pH

64
Q

Identify and describe the factors that adjust the rate of oxygen unloading

A

Ambient Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) - Active tissue uses up the oxygen in the area and our body reocognizes that shift and sends more oxygen to that area

Temperature - Active tissue has a higher temp and aids in promoting oxygen unloading in those areas

Ambient pH - Active tissue has a higher carbon dioxide concentration and thus a lower pH that our body recognizes

Biphosphogylcerate (BPG) - When we run out of oxygen in a certain area we start anaerobic metabolism which leads to the production of BPG and binds to hemoglobin; this just provides another way for our body to recognize where we are active and where we need to send more oxygen

65
Q

How does the production of CO2 affect the pH of the blood?

A

It LOWERS pH

66
Q

What is the Haldane Effect?

A

As we use up our oxygen and give it to our tissues we create deoxyhemoglobin which enables our blood to transport more carbon dioxide to the lungs

67
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

Oxygen will be unloaded where it is needed the most in the body

68
Q

Acidosis vs Alkalosis
What is the healthy range for blood pH

A

Healthy range is between 7.35-7.45 anything below 7.35 is acidosis and anything above 7.45 is alkalosis

69
Q

Hypocapnia vs Hypercapnia
What is the healthy range?

A

Healthy range of CARBON DIOXIDE is between 37-43 mm hg anything below 37 is hypocapnia and anything above 43 is hypercapnia

70
Q

What do hyperventilation and hypoventilation do?

A

They moderate our breathing to get our blood pH back to healthy range

Hyperventilation occurs in response to acidosis and increases blood pH

Hypoventilation occurs in response to alkalosis and decreases blood pH

71
Q

What causes hypoxic drive and when does it occur? What are some associated disorders?

A

It is caused by long term hypoxemia and increases our respiratory rate; can occur in people with emphysema and pneumonia

72
Q

How does exercise impact the respiratory rhythm?

A

Exercise stimulates our proprioceptors present in our muscles and joints; this stimulation sends excitatory signals to our brain and respiratory centers to increase breathing

73
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency or the inability to use oxygen

74
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blueness of the skin; indicative of low oxygen in those tissues

75
Q

Hypoxemic Hypoxia

A

Not enough oxygen in the arteries and thus lower volumes in the tissues

76
Q

Identify and describe the different types of hypoxia

A

Histotoxic Hypoxia - Poisons that affect the use of oxygen in tissues

Anemic Hypoxia - Inability of blood to carry oxygen

Ischemic Hypoxia - Inadequate circulation of blood

HAIpoxia

77
Q

What is COPD? What are the two major types?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases; Obstruction of airflow

Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

78
Q

Chronic Bronchitis vs Emphysema

A

Chronic Bronchitis: Goblet cells secrete excess mucus and immbilized cilia fail to remove it; this environment is ideal for bacterial growth

Emphysema: Alveolar walls break down, we develop nonfunctional tissue, and can lead to the collapse of the air passages

79
Q

Identify and describe the major forms of lung cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma: most common, caused when your simple squamous epithelium thickens to stratified squamous, to pseudostratified that amkes it difficult to breathe

Adenocarcinoma: Relates and originates in the mucous glands

Small Cell (oat cell) Carcinoma: Least common but most dangerous, clusters of cells easily metastasize to the heart and can have systemic effects

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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