MALE REPRODUCTIVE* CH 27

Question 1

What are the primary sex organs in a male and in a female?

Answer 1

Male - Testes
Female - Ovaries

Question 2

What structures compose the spermatic cord?

Answer 2

Fibrous connective tissue containing the vas deferens, blood and lymphatic vessels, and testicular nerve

Question 3

Describe the function of the cremaster and dartos muscles

Answer 3

Cremaster - Holds testes closer or further from body to maintain optimum temperature (CLOSER)

Dartos - Reduces or increases the surface area of the scrotum to retain heat (wrinkly appearance when cold) (DECREASE SURFACE AREA)

Question 4

Where in the testes are sperm produced?

Answer 4

Seminiferous Tubules

Question 5

What cells produce testosterone?

Answer 5

Interstitial Endocrine Cells

Question 6

Germ cells

Answer 6

Reproductive stem cells that differentiate into sperm in males and eggs in females

Question 7

What is the role of nurse cells?

Answer 7

Protect germ cells, promote their development, and regulate sperm production

Question 8

What are the three regions of the male urethra from most to least deep (inside to outside). What do they run through?

Answer 8

Prostatic Urethra (passes through the prostate)

Membranous Urethra (connects the two other regions)

Spongy Urethra (passes through the penis)

PMS

Question 9

Identify and describe the three sets of accesory glands of the male reproductive system

Answer 9

Seminal Vessicles - Empy into ejaculatory duct and form 60% of semen

Prostate - Provides thin milky secretions and forms 30% of semen

Bulbourethral Glands - Produces pre-ejcaulate that lubricates the penis in preparation for intercourse, neutralizes acidity of residual urine in the urethra (ensures that sperm dont die)

Question 10

What is DRE?

Answer 10

Digital Rectal Exam that checks for tumors associated with the prostate gland

Question 11

Corpus Spongiosum vs Corpora Cavernosa

Answer 11

Corpus Spongiosum - Runs along the ventral (underside) of the penis and encloses the spongy urethra and enlarges to form the glans penis

Corpora Cavernosa - Diverge like a “Y,” each arm is called a crus. Attaches penis to pubic arch

Question 12

Describe the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

Answer 12

As the hypothalamus matures, develops Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone which stimulates the Anterior Pituitary Gland to Release:

Folicle Stimulating Hormone: Stimulates Spermatogenesis
Luteinizing Hormone: Stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone

Question 13

What happens during aging when testosterone is reduced?

Answer 13

Andropause:
- Reduced Libido
- Less Viable Sperm (lower volume, motility, and count)
- Elevations of FSH and LH causes mood and personality changes
- Increased risk for ED

Question 14

Describe the process of Spermatogenesis

Answer 14

The process of sperm production:

Testosterone levels increase and give rise to spermatogonia (from primordial germ cells)

Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to create Type A and Type B Cells

Type B Cells enlarge to become a primary spermatocyte and undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids

Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form sperm (spermatozooan)

Question 15

Identify the following:

Answer 15

A - Head
B - Middle Piece of Tail
C - Principal Piece of Tail
D - Endpiece of Tail
E - Acrosome
F - Nucleus

Question 16

Describe the composition of semen

Answer 16

• The prostate forms a clotting enzyme to activate proseminogelin
• Converts it into a sticky like substance semenogelin
• This allows sperm to stick in the inner walls of the vagina and that they are not drained outward
• 20-30 mins after ejaculation serine protease liquifies the semen

Question 17

What are the two requirements for sperm motility

Answer 17

Elevated pH and an Energy Source

Question 18

List the pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system

Answer 18

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
(Nothing)

Urethra
Penis

SEVEN UP

Question 19

LIST the four phases of the male sexual response

Answer 19

Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
EPOR

Question 20

Secretion of what molecule causes an erection?

Answer 20

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 21

How do Phosphodiesterase Inhbitors Work? Provide an example

Answer 21

They slow the breakdown of cGMP to prolong an erection (this is usually broken down by phosphodiesterase and leads to the loss of an erection)

ex: Viagra

Question 22

Gonorrhea

Answer 22

Pain and pus discharge, and may result in sterility following pelvic inflammatory disease

Question 23

Chlamydia

Answer 23

Urethral discharge and testicular pain
- Caused by NGU

Question 24

Syphilis

Answer 24

First Stage: Hard Lesions (chancres) at the site of infection

Second Stage: Widespread Pink Rash

Third Stage: Neurosyphilis, cardiovascular and brain damage

Question 25

What are the three bacterial STDs discussed in lecture?

Answer 25

Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
Syphilis

Question 26

Genital Herpes

Answer 26

Most common STD in the US:
- Blisters and pain
- Caused by HSV-2

Question 27

Genital Warts (condylomas)

Answer 27

Warts on perineal region, cervix, anus
- Caused by HPV

Question 28

Hepatitis B and C

Answer 28

Inflammatory Liver Disease, Leads to severe liver damage
- Caused by HBV or HCV

Question 29

What are the three viral STDs discussed in lecture?

Answer 29

Genital Herpes
Genital Warts (condylomas)
Hepatitis B and C