FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE* CH 28

Question 1

Define ovulation

Answer 1

The bursting of the ovarian follicle and releasing the egg

Question 2

Identify and describe the ligaments of the female reproductive system

Answer 2

Mesovarium - covers the entire ovary and anchors it in place

Ovarian Ligament - Attaches the ovaries to the uterus

Suspensory Ligament - Contains an artery, vein, and nerves. Attaches to the pelvic wall

Question 3

Identify the following:

Answer 3

A - Primordial Follicles
B - Primary Follicle
C - Secondary Follicle
D - Tertiary Follicle
E - Mature Follicle
F - Ovum
G - Ovulated Ovum

Question 4

List the regions of the fallopian tube starting at the uterus and ending at the ovary

Answer 4

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum

Question 5

What commonly causes cervical cancer? How can it be detected?

Answer 5

Almost always caused by HPV
- Detected with a papsmear

Question 6

List the layers of the uterus from outside to inside

Answer 6

Perimetrium - Outermost layer
Myometrium - Middle, muscular layer

Endometrium:
Basal Layer - Deep layer and regenerates a new layer with every menstrual cycle
Functional Layer - Superficial layer shed in every menstrual cycle

Question 7

What is the name of the arteries that enter the endometrium? How do they relate to the menstrual cycle?

Answer 7

Spiral Arteries; rhythmically constrict and dilate with the menstrual cycle

Question 8

What is the microbial environment like in the vagina?

Answer 8

Good bacteria ferment glycogen to lactic acid, lowering and creating an acidic environment that inhibits the growth of pathogens

Question 9

What is the deadliest cancer in women? What are two causes, which is most common?

Answer 9

Breast Cancer:
- Breast Cancer Genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2)
- Stimulated by estrogen*
*much more common

Question 10

What is the goal of Leptin

Answer 10

Monitors how much fat you have and if you have enough fat you will start puberty by the release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Question 11

What is the goal of Follicle Stimulating Hormone in females

Answer 11

Stimulates overian follicles causing them to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and small amounts of androgen

Question 12

What is the goal of gonadotropin releasing hormone in females

Answer 12

Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

Question 13

What is the goal of estrogens in females?

Answer 13

Feminizing hormones that have widespread effects on the body

Question 14

What is the goal of luteinizing hormone in females

Answer 14

Triggers the release of an egg from the ovary

Question 15

Identify and describe the puberty timeline in females

Answer 15

Thelarche - Breast development, earliest notable sign of puberty

Pubarche - Pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous and axillary glands

Menarche - First menstrual period

Question 16

Describe the role of progesterone and inhibin in the female reproductive system

Answer 16

Progesterone - Prepares for possible pregnancy
Inhibin - Selectively regulates FSH secretion

Question 17

What is menopause? What occurs during this phase?

Answer 17

Cessation of menstruation
- Uterus, vagina, and brest tissue atrophy
- Skin becomes thinner
- Vaginal Infections are more common
- Cholesterol levels rise and increases risk for cardiovascular disease
- Bone mass declines and increases risk for osteoporosis
- Blood vessels constrict and dilate in response to shifting hormone balances

Question 18

Define reproductive cycle

Answer 18

Sequence of events starting at fertilization to giving birth and returning again

Question 19

Define sexual cycle. What two cycles fall under this sexual cycle category?

Answer 19

Events that recur every month when fertilization does not happen.

• Ovarian Cycle
• Menstrual Cycle

Question 20

Describe the process of Oogenesis

Answer 20

The process of egg (ova/ovum) production:

Primordial germ cells give rise to oogonia within the first 5 months of pregnancy

Oogonia transform into primary oocytes just before birth

Throughout childhood many of these eggs undergo atresia and breakdown leaving ~200k

The oocytes undergo Meiosis I to form secondary oocytes and a first polar body

Secondary oocyte starts meiosis, if not fertilized the cell dies, but if it is fertilized it completes meiosis and begins development

Question 21

What is folliculogenesis? Describe the different follicles that form as a result of this process

Answer 21

The development of the follicle as the egg undergoes oogenesis:

Primoridal follicles surround primary oocytes

Primary follicles surround secondary oocytes

Secondary follicles grow layers of cells around the egg

Tertriary follciles build up follicular fluid and develop a structure called the antrum (pools)

Mature follicle - one follicle wins and all others die off. Oocyte begins to float within the follicle

Question 22

Describe the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis

Answer 22

Hormones of the hypothalamus regulate the pituitary gland
Pituitary hormones regulate the ovaries
Ovaries secrete hormones that regulate the uterus

Question 23

What occurs during the follicular and luteal phase of the sexual cycle?

Answer 23

Follicular: first two weeks, menstruation occurs within the first 3-5 days. Uterus replaces lost tissue by forming the corpus luteum

Luteal Phase: second two weeks, corpus luteum stimulates endometrial secretion and thickening. If pregnancy does not occur endometrium breaks down

Question 24

Identify and descirbe the phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 24

Follicular Phase - days 1-14. follicles grow and the dominant one is chosen

Ovulation - Mature follicle releases the egg

Luteal Phase - days 15-28. ovulated follicle becomes the corpus luteum and hormones prepare for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occure the corpus luteum shrinks and leaves the behind the corpus albicans

Question 25

Identify and describe the four phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 25

Proliferative Phase - functional layer of endometrium is rebuilt

Secretory Phase - Endometrium thickens

Premenstrual Phase - Corpus luteum atrophies

Menstrual Phase - Menstrual fluid is discharged

Question 26

Endometriosis

Answer 26

Growth of the endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

Question 27

What are some chages that occur within the female reproductive system during sexual response

Answer 27

Labia enlarge and spread away from the opening.
Vaginal transudate seeps through and provides lubrication
Uterus stands nearly vertical (tenting effect)

Question 28

Contraception methods:
Provide two examples for barrier and spermicidal methods

Answer 28

Male condom/female condom/sponge
Foam/cream/jelly

Question 29

Contraception methods:
Provide two examples for hormonal methods

Answer 29

Birth control
Morning after pill

Question 30

IUD

Answer 30

Physical blockage within the uterus that prevents pregnancy

Question 31

Surgical sterilization in males vs females

Answer 31

Males - Vasectomy
Female - tubal ligation