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BIO 2102 > IMMUNITY* CH 21 (pt 2) > Flashcards

IMMUNITY* CH 21 (pt 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

An agent capable of producing disease

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2
Q

Innate vs Adaptive Immune Systems

A

Innate - Defenses we are born with; has a local effect
First and Second Lines of Defense

Adaptive - Defends against specific pathogens; has memory
Third Line of Defense

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3
Q

Identify the type and components of the first line of defense

A

Surface Barriers:
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes

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4
Q

Identify the type and components of the second line of defense

A

Internal Defences: PINK AF
- Phagocytes
- Inflammation
- NK Cells
- Antimicrobial Proteins
- Fever

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5
Q

Identify the skin’s line of defense and describe its how it functions to protect us

A

First Line of Defense:
- Too tough, dry, nutrient poor to support microbial growth

  • Acid mantle composed of lactic acid and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that all inhibit bacterial growth
  • Dermcidin, defensins, and cathelicidins are peptides found in our skin that killmicrobes
  • Microbes that adhere to the skin are shed off with dead keratin
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6
Q

What enzyme breaks down bacteria in mucous membranes?

A

Lysozyme

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7
Q

Macrophage vs Monocyte

A

A Monocyte can turn into Macrophage when they settle into tissues + functions as a phagocyte

  • Monocytes are found in circulation of the blood
  • Macrophages are found in tissues or organs
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8
Q

Describe Opsonization

A

Immune particles coat pathogens to make them stickier and therefore, assisting in phagocytosis (cells that eat pathogens)

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9
Q

Identify and describe interferons and how they work

A

Proteins secreted by virally infected cells bind to receptors on nearby cells and stimulate the synthesis of defensive and antiviral proteins

These same receptors bind to NK Cells and Macrophages to better destroy infected or cancer cells

*Interferons are proteins that act as an “alarm” to nearby cells

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10
Q

What is complement? What are the outcomes of complement fixation

A

Group of 30+ globular antimicrobial proteins:
- Inflammation
- Immune Clearance; Immune cells cleanse pathogens from RBCs
- Phagocytosis
- Cytolysis; Poke a hold and break down affected host cell

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11
Q

What is the function of NK cells and how do perforins and granzymes play a role?

A

NK Cells are lymphocytes that destroy cells that lack “self” cell surface receptors

NK cells release Perforins which poke holes in the plasma membrane and then the NK cell secretes Granzymes in that hole that cause the cell to undergo apoptosis

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12
Q

Identify the role of pyrogens and what happens during this state

A

Raise the body’s thermostat causing a fever
- Promotes interferon activity (alarm nearby cells)
- Elevate metabolism and tissue repair
- Inhibit reproduction of bacteria and viruses

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13
Q

Pyro-

A

Fire

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14
Q

What is the impact of antipyretics?

A

These are fever reducing medications like tylenol.

Reducing the fever slows down the speed it takes for our bodies to recover

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15
Q

Identify and describe the purpose of inflammation

A
  • Limit the spread of pathogens and destroy them
  • Remove debris from damaged tissue and initiate tissue repair
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16
Q

Identify the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Swelling
Heat
Redness
Pain

SHRP (Sherp)

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17
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins that allow chemical communication between immune cells

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18
Q

Identify and describe the steps and purpose of phagocyte mobilization

A

Phagocyte Mobilization is the process by which we get phagocytes to injured areas
- - - - -
Leukocytosis - Neutrophils enter the blood from bone marrow

Margination - Stick to the wall of the capillaries

Diapedesis of Neutrophils - Flatten and squeeze between capillary gaps

Chemotaxis - Chemical trail that tells neutrophils where to go (chemical taxi)

Let Me Drive Cars

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19
Q

Identify and describe the unique characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

Sytemic Effects - Acts throughout the entire body

Specificity - Generate protection and immunity against specific pathogens

Memory - When re exposed to the same pathogen, the body can respond faster

SMS

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20
Q

Identify and describe the two branches of the adaptive immune system

A

Cellular Immunity - T Cells attack foreign and affected host cells
Humoral Immunity - B Cells tag pathogens for destruction

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21
Q

Define Antigen

A

A foreign substance that triggers immune response in our bodies

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22
Q

Define Haptens; Identify some examples

A

“Half” or incomplete antigens. When they interact with someone’s specific proteins it creates antibodies against them

Examples include things that some people are allergic to, but not others:
Poison Ivy, Animal Dander, Detergent, Cosmetics

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23
Q

Define an epitope

A

A specific region of an antigen molecule that our body recognizes as foreign

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24
Q

Define MHC Proteins

A

Major Histocompatability Complex:

They display peptides: usually self antigens (nametags) but also fragments of foreign pathogens

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25
Q

Where do B and T cells mature? What characteristics must mature B and T Cells have?

A

B Cells - Red Bone Maroow
T Cells - Thymus

Must-Have Characteristics:
- Immunocompetence: Can produce an immune response (T Cells attack + B Cells Tag)
- Self Tolerance: Will not attack against self antigens

26
Q

Identify and describe Mature T Cell Selection Processes

A

Positive Selection - Must be able to bind to MHC Proteins (an antigen presenting cell)

Negative Selection - Must NOT bind to self antigens

27
Q

Identify and describe the function of the two types of T Cells. What categorizes them this way?

A

There are glycoproteins on the cell surface that determine what type of T cell they are:

  • CD4: Helper cells: Activate and Moderate Immune response but does not directly destroy pathogens (activates other cells)
  • CD8: Destroyer cells: Destroy Pathogens and Infected cells

Both of these have memory cells that influence future response to foreign material

28
Q

What are antigen presenting cells? What cell types are included?

A

Cells that have MHC on their surface and present the antigens

Includes:
Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, and B Cells

29
Q

Describe what happens if an APC displays a self-antigen OR a non-self antigen to a T-Cell

A

SELF Antigen - T Cell Disregards it
NONSELF Antigen - T Cell attacks is

30
Q

Which T cells respond to MHC Class 1?
Which respond to MHC Class 2?

A

Cytotoxic T Cells ONLY Respond to MHC-1
Helper T cells Respond ONLY to MHC-2

31
Q

Describe T Cell Activation;
1 How does it Begin?
2 What is Costimulation?
3 What is Clonal Selection?

A

1) T Cell activation occurs when a T Cell binds to an MHC Protein displaying an epitope (that it is programmed to recognize)

2) Costimulation involves the T Cell binding to an additional protein in infected tissue; this ensures that we are not destroying healthy cells

3) Clonal Selection occurs directly after costimulation and involves the repeated mitosis and copying the T Cell that become programmed against the same epitope; cells become cytotoxic or helper cells (effector cells), OR memory T cells

32
Q

What occurs when a helper T Cell recognizes an Antigen-MHC complex

A

When it recognizes the complex it secretes interleukin that has the three follwing effects:
- Attract Neutrophils and NK Cells
- Attract Macrophages, stimulate their phagocytic activity, and inhibit them from leaving
- Stimulate T and B Cell mitosis and maturation

33
Q

Describe B Cell Activation:
1 How does it begin?
2 What Cell triggers activation?
3 What is clonal selection?

A

1) B cell activation occurs when an antigen binds to B Cell receptors and allows it into the cell. The B Cell digests and displays the antigen fragments using MHC-II on its surface

2) Helper T Cells bind to the displayed antigen-MHC Complex and scretes interleukins which activate the B Cell and triggers clonal selection

3) Through clonal selection the B cell undergoes mitosis to create clones that become programmed against the same antigen; Most differentiate into plasma cells (and some memory cells) that secrete antibodies

34
Q

What type of T Cell activates B Cells?

A

T Helper Cells

35
Q

What Class of MHC Protein is Found on B Cells

A

MHC-II

36
Q

When a B Cell undergoes clonal selection what do most cells differentiate to?

A

Plasma Cells

37
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

Antibodies

38
Q

If a B Cell does not form a plasma cell during clonal selection, what kind of cell can it also become?

A

Memory B Cell

39
Q

What is another name for antibodies? What biomolecule are they?

A

Immunoglobulins
Protein

40
Q

What part of an antibody determines its class? What does this mean

A

There are five different classes of antibodies that are determined by the constant region

41
Q

What part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?

A

The antigen binding site formed by the variable region

42
Q

Identify Antibody Class:
Pentamer and the first to be secreted in immune response

A

IgM

43
Q

Identify Antibody Class:
Found in plasma, mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk

A

IgA

44
Q

Identify Antibody Class:
Functions in B Cell activation

A

IgD

45
Q

Identify Antibody Class:
Constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies

A

IgG

46
Q

Identify Antibody Class:
Bound to Basophils and mast cells. Functions in inflammation and allergy response

A

IgE

47
Q

How does the human immune system make as many as 1 trillion different antibodies with only 20,000 genes?

A

Somatic Recombination - Shuffling genes
Somatic Hypermutation - Mutating B Cells

48
Q

Agammaglobulinemia

A

Deficient number of antibodies

49
Q

Identify and describe the mechanisms in which antibodies assist the immune system

A

Neutralization - Neutralize epitopes on the antigens so that the antigens cannot cause harm

Complement Fixation - Activate Complement System

Agglutination - Causing enemy cells to clump, lose mobility, and phagocytes easily eat them

Precipitation - Antigen molecules clump together, lose mobility, and phagocytes easily eat them

50
Q

Primary Response

A

Brought by the first exposure to an antigen:
Has a lag phase where it takes our B and T cells to be activated and start responding

  • IgM Responds first and IgG respond next both with limited success
51
Q

Secondary Response

A

Immune response when you have already been exposed to the antigen:
Has no lag phase and immediate response; you often do not know you were infected or resolves in shorter time

  • IgG Starts immediately and very effectively; IgM Increases and falls slowly but has a faster response than in the primary response
52
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
Naturally Acquired Active

A

Infected with a pathogen (getting sick) and creating memory to respond in later time

53
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
Artificially Acquired Active

A

Vaccine with inactive viral particles and creating memory to respond in later time

54
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
Naturally Acquired Passive

A

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus or infant from placenta or milk; has no memory

55
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
Artificially Acquired Passive

A

Injection of immune serum or someone else’s antibodies and has no memory

56
Q

Define Hypersensitivity Immune reactions and identify the examples discussed in class

A

An excessive immune response against antigens that most people tolerate:
Alloimmunity: Reaction to transplanted organ
Autoimmunity: Reaction to personal tissues
Allergies: Reaction to environmental antigens

57
Q

What occurs in autoimmune disease? Why are they difficult to treat?

A

Lacking Self Tolerance:
Start to break down your own cells and tissues

Difficult to treat because it dampens or weakens the immune system

58
Q

SCID

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease:
Deficient T and B Cells

59
Q

What virus causes AIDS?

A

HIV; Human Immunodeficiency Virus

60
Q

Retrovirus

A

The viral use of reverse transcriptase where RNA is converted into DNA and inserted into the HOST’S DNA

61
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent critical illness and halt the spread of COVID-19?

A

Vaccines

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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