Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 2102 > IMMUNITY* CH 21 (pt 2) > Flashcards

IMMUNITY* CH 21 (pt 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

An agent capable of producing disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Innate vs Adaptive Immune Systems

A

Innate - Defenses we are born with; has a local effect
First and Second Lines of Defense

Adaptive - Defends against specific pathogens; has memory
Third Line of Defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the type and components of the first line of defense

A

Surface Barriers:
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify the type and components of the second line of defense

A

Internal Defences: PINK AF
- Phagocytes
- Inflammation
- NK Cells
- Antimicrobial Proteins
- Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify the skin’s line of defense and describe its how it functions to protect us

A

First Line of Defense:
- Too tough, dry, nutrient poor to support microbial growth

  • Acid mantle composed of lactic acid and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that all inhibit bacterial growth
  • Dermcidin, defensins, and cathelicidins are peptides found in our skin that killmicrobes
  • Microbes that adhere to the skin are shed off with dead keratin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What enzyme breaks down bacteria in mucous membranes?

A

Lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Macrophage vs Monocyte

A

A Monocyte can turn into Macrophage when they settle into tissues + functions as a phagocyte

  • Monocytes are found in circulation of the blood
  • Macrophages are found in tissues or organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Opsonization

A

Immune particles coat pathogens to make them stickier and therefore, assisting in phagocytosis (cells that eat pathogens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify and describe interferons and how they work

A

Proteins secreted by virally infected cells bind to receptors on nearby cells and stimulate the synthesis of defensive and antiviral proteins

These same receptors bind to NK Cells and Macrophages to better destroy infected or cancer cells

*Interferons are proteins that act as an “alarm” to nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is complement? What are the outcomes of complement fixation

A

Group of 30+ globular antimicrobial proteins:
- Inflammation
- Immune Clearance; Immune cells cleanse pathogens from RBCs
- Phagocytosis
- Cytolysis; Poke a hold and break down affected host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of NK cells and how do perforins and granzymes play a role?

A

NK Cells are lymphocytes that destroy cells that lack “self” cell surface receptors

NK cells release Perforins which poke holes in the plasma membrane and then the NK cell secretes Granzymes in that hole that cause the cell to undergo apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify the role of pyrogens and what happens during this state

A

Raise the body’s thermostat causing a fever
- Promotes interferon activity (alarm nearby cells)
- Elevate metabolism and tissue repair
- Inhibit reproduction of bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pyro-

A

Fire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the impact of antipyretics?

A

These are fever reducing medications like tylenol.

Reducing the fever slows down the speed it takes for our bodies to recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify and describe the purpose of inflammation

A
  • Limit the spread of pathogens and destroy them
  • Remove debris from damaged tissue and initiate tissue repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify the four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Swelling
Heat
Redness
Pain

SHRP (Sherp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins that allow chemical communication between immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify and describe the steps and purpose of phagocyte mobilization

A

Phagocyte Mobilization is the process by which we get phagocytes to injured areas
- - - - -
Leukocytosis - Neutrophils enter the blood from bone marrow

Margination - Stick to the wall of the capillaries

Diapedesis of Neutrophils - Flatten and squeeze between capillary gaps

Chemotaxis - Chemical trail that tells neutrophils where to go (chemical taxi)

Let Me Drive Cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify and describe the unique characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

Sytemic Effects - Acts throughout the entire body

Specificity - Generate protection and immunity against specific pathogens

Memory - When re exposed to the same pathogen, the body can respond faster

SMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Identify and describe the two branches of the adaptive immune system

A

Cellular Immunity - T Cells attack foreign and affected host cells
Humoral Immunity - B Cells tag pathogens for destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Antigen

A

A foreign substance that triggers immune response in our bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Haptens; Identify some examples

A

“Half” or incomplete antigens. When they interact with someone’s specific proteins it creates antibodies against them

Examples include things that some people are allergic to, but not others:
Poison Ivy, Animal Dander, Detergent, Cosmetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define an epitope

A

A specific region of an antigen molecule that our body recognizes as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define MHC Proteins

A

Major Histocompatability Complex:

They display peptides: usually self antigens (nametags) but also fragments of foreign pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where do B and T cells mature? What characteristics must mature B and T Cells have?
B Cells - Red Bone Maroow T Cells - Thymus Must-Have Characteristics: - Immunocompetence: Can produce an immune response (T Cells attack + B Cells Tag) - Self Tolerance: Will not attack against self antigens
26
Identify and describe Mature T Cell Selection Processes
Positive Selection - Must be able to bind to MHC Proteins (an antigen presenting cell) Negative Selection - Must NOT bind to self antigens
27
Identify and describe the function of the two types of T Cells. What categorizes them this way?
There are glycoproteins on the cell surface that determine what type of T cell they are: - CD4: Helper cells: Activate and Moderate Immune response but does not directly destroy pathogens (activates other cells) - CD8: Destroyer cells: Destroy Pathogens and Infected cells Both of these have memory cells that influence future response to foreign material
28
What are antigen presenting cells? What cell types are included?
Cells that have MHC on their surface and present the antigens Includes: Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, and B Cells
29
Describe what happens if an APC displays a self-antigen OR a non-self antigen to a T-Cell
SELF Antigen - T Cell Disregards it NONSELF Antigen - T Cell attacks is
30
Which T cells respond to MHC Class 1? Which respond to MHC Class 2?
Cytotoxic T Cells ONLY Respond to MHC-1 Helper T cells Respond ONLY to MHC-2
31
Describe T Cell Activation; 1 How does it Begin? 2 What is Costimulation? 3 What is Clonal Selection?
1) T Cell activation occurs when a T Cell binds to an MHC Protein displaying an epitope (that it is programmed to recognize) 2) Costimulation involves the T Cell binding to an additional protein in infected tissue; this ensures that we are not destroying healthy cells 3) Clonal Selection occurs directly after costimulation and involves the repeated mitosis and copying the T Cell that become programmed against the same epitope; cells become cytotoxic or helper cells (effector cells), OR memory T cells
32
What occurs when a helper T Cell recognizes an Antigen-MHC complex
When it recognizes the complex it secretes interleukin that has the three follwing effects: - Attract Neutrophils and NK Cells - Attract Macrophages, stimulate their phagocytic activity, and inhibit them from leaving - Stimulate T and B Cell mitosis and maturation
33
Describe B Cell Activation: 1 How does it begin? 2 What Cell triggers activation? 3 What is clonal selection?
1) B cell activation occurs when an antigen binds to B Cell receptors and allows it into the cell. The B Cell digests and displays the antigen fragments using MHC-II on its surface 2) Helper T Cells bind to the displayed antigen-MHC Complex and scretes interleukins which activate the B Cell and triggers clonal selection 3) Through clonal selection the B cell undergoes mitosis to create clones that become programmed against the same antigen; Most differentiate into plasma cells (and some memory cells) that secrete antibodies
34
What type of T Cell activates B Cells?
T Helper Cells
35
What Class of MHC Protein is Found on B Cells
MHC-II
36
When a B Cell undergoes clonal selection what do most cells differentiate to?
Plasma Cells
37
What do plasma cells secrete?
Antibodies
38
If a B Cell does not form a plasma cell during clonal selection, what kind of cell can it also become?
Memory B Cell
39
What is another name for antibodies? What biomolecule are they?
Immunoglobulins Protein
40
What part of an antibody determines its class? What does this mean
There are five different classes of antibodies that are determined by the constant region
41
What part of an antibody attaches to an antigen?
The antigen binding site formed by the variable region
42
Identify Antibody Class: Pentamer and the first to be secreted in immune response
IgM
43
Identify Antibody Class: Found in plasma, mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk
IgA
44
Identify Antibody Class: Functions in B Cell activation
IgD
45
Identify Antibody Class: Constitutes 80% of circulating antibodies
IgG
46
Identify Antibody Class: Bound to Basophils and mast cells. Functions in inflammation and allergy response
IgE
47
How does the human immune system make as many as 1 trillion different antibodies with only 20,000 genes?
Somatic Recombination - Shuffling genes Somatic Hypermutation - Mutating B Cells
48
Agammaglobulinemia
Deficient number of antibodies
49
Identify and describe the mechanisms in which antibodies assist the immune system
Neutralization - Neutralize epitopes on the antigens so that the antigens cannot cause harm Complement Fixation - Activate Complement System Agglutination - Causing enemy cells to clump, lose mobility, and phagocytes easily eat them Precipitation - Antigen molecules clump together, lose mobility, and phagocytes easily eat them
50
Primary Response
Brought by the first exposure to an antigen: Has a lag phase where it takes our B and T cells to be activated and start responding - IgM Responds first and IgG respond next both with limited success
51
Secondary Response
Immune response when you have already been exposed to the antigen: Has no lag phase and immediate response; you often do not know you were infected or resolves in shorter time - IgG Starts immediately and very effectively; IgM Increases and falls slowly but has a faster response than in the primary response
52
HUMORAL IMMUNITY: Naturally Acquired Active
Infected with a pathogen (getting sick) and creating memory to respond in later time
53
HUMORAL IMMUNITY: Artificially Acquired Active
Vaccine with inactive viral particles and creating memory to respond in later time
54
HUMORAL IMMUNITY: Naturally Acquired Passive
Antibodies pass from mother to fetus or infant from placenta or milk; has no memory
55
HUMORAL IMMUNITY: Artificially Acquired Passive
Injection of immune serum or someone else's antibodies and has no memory
56
Define Hypersensitivity Immune reactions and identify the examples discussed in class
An excessive immune response against antigens that most people tolerate: Alloimmunity: Reaction to transplanted organ Autoimmunity: Reaction to personal tissues Allergies: Reaction to environmental antigens
57
What occurs in autoimmune disease? Why are they difficult to treat?
Lacking Self Tolerance: Start to break down your own cells and tissues Difficult to treat because it dampens or weakens the immune system
58
SCID
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease: Deficient T and B Cells
59
What virus causes AIDS?
HIV; Human Immunodeficiency Virus
60
Retrovirus
The viral use of reverse transcriptase where RNA is converted into DNA and inserted into the HOST'S DNA
61
What is the most effective way to prevent critical illness and halt the spread of COVID-19?
Vaccines

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions