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BIO 2102 > BLOOD* CH 18 > Flashcards

BLOOD* CH 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify and describe 2 (/3) main functions of the circulatory system

A

Transport - Oxygen, nutrients, waste etc
Protection - Of our bodies from infection, disease, and disorders
Regulation - Of fluid balance, pH, and temperature

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2
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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3
Q

What is plasma mostly composed of?

A

Water

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4
Q

Define Hematocrit. How can it be affected (identify three)?

A

The total volume of whole blood that is red blood cells

Hydration
Blood Loss
Production Issues
Gender Differences (lower values in women)

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5
Q

What stem cell gives rise to all formed elements?

A

Hemocytoblasts

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6
Q

Do RBCs have mitochondria? Why?

A

No. They do not use oxygen, they deliver it

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7
Q

What molecule in hemoglobin binds to oxygen? How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

Iron
4

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8
Q

What is the term for erythrocyte production? What hormone controls this?

Spell them correctly*

A

Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin

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9
Q

What is Hypoxemia? What are some causes?

A

Oxygen deficiency in blood

Not enough RBCs (to carry oxygen) or Oxygen
- High Altitude
- Increased exercise

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10
Q

What is Polycythemia? What are some causes?

A

Excess amount of RBCs that increase blood viscosity making it thicker and sticky

Bone Marrow Cancer
When minimal oxygen is available (high altitudes)
Erythropoietin production increase

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11
Q

Identify and describe the types of anemia that result from insufficient erythrocytes

A

Hemorrhagic Anemia - Bleeding
Hemolytic Anemia - RBC destruction
Aplastic Anemia - Inability to form RBC

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12
Q

Identify and describe the types of anemia that result from low hemoglobin content

A

Iron-deficiency Anemia - Iron deficient
Pernicious Anemia - Deficiency of vitamin B12

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13
Q

What is Thalassemias?

A

Delicate RBCs cannot carry adeqaute oxyegn

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14
Q

What are three potential consequences of anemia?

A

Hypoxia - SOB, Lethargic
Tissue Swelling
Low Blood Viscosity - Too thin, Heart racing

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15
Q

Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia

A

Hypoxemia - Low Oxygen in Blood
Hypoxia - Low Oxygen going to Tissues

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16
Q

Describe Sickle Cell Disease

A

Hereditary disorder that codes for abnormal hemoglobin and is mishapen

This causes a low amount of oxygen to flow through body

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17
Q

What antigens are on the surface of RBCs for each blood type?

A

A - Antigen A
B - Antigen B
AB - Antigens A AND B
O - NONE

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18
Q

What are the antibodies within the plasma for each blood type?

A

A - Antibody B
B - Antibody A
AB - NONE
O - Antibody A AND B

19
Q

What is the universal donor blood type?

A

O-

20
Q

What is the universal recepient blood type?

A

AB+

21
Q

What does the Rh antigen determine in terms of blood type?

A

Positive or Negative Blood Types

22
Q

What is HDN? How can it be prevented?

A

When a woman has a baby with mismatched blood type (a negative and positive difference)

RhoGAM

23
Q

Identify the granulocytes and agranulocytes

A

Granulocytes: BEN (-phils)
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Agranulocytes: LM (-cytes)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

24
Q

List the five leokocytes from most numerous to least numerous in the blood

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

25
Q

What pathogens do each of the five leukocytes respond to?

A

Neutrophils - Bacteria
Lymphocytes - Viruses
Monocytes - Bacteria
Eosinophils - Parasitic Worms
Basophils - Allergies

BVBPA

26
Q

Lymphoid vs Myeloid Stem Cells

A

Lymphoid - Forms ONLY Lymphocytes

Myeloid - FORMS ALL OTHER WBCs

27
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count: causes elevated risk of infection

28
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC count: present in those fighting off a disease, infection, or virus

29
Q

Leukemia
Acute vs Chronic

A

Acute - Develops quickly, causes death within months

Chronic - Develops slowly and goes undetected for months, survival time of 3 years

30
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancer causing too many WBCs

31
Q

What cells are platelets fragements of?

A

Megakaryocytes

32
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Deficiency of thrombocytes (platelets)

33
Q

Identify and briefly describe the three steps of hemostasis

A

Vascular Spasm - Constiction of Blood Vessels
Platelet Plug Formation -
Coagulation (Blood Clotting) - Reinforcing the plug

34
Q

What type of feedback cycle is platelet plug formation?

A

Positive Feedback

35
Q

What chemical keeps platelets from plugging uninjured tissues?

A

Prostacyclin

36
Q

Identify and describe the phases of blood clotting

A

Factor X forms Prothrombin Activator
Prothrombin Activator forms Thrombin
Thrombin causes fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh

37
Q

What is the role of PDGF?

A

Recreate cells in the area of injury

38
Q

What is the the role of fibrinolysis?

A

Break down blood clot

39
Q

What enzyme breaks down a clot?

A

Plasmin

40
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

Deactivates thrombin so as to prevent blood clotting

41
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A family of hereditary diseases where the patient cannot form blood clots

42
Q

Thrombosis vs Embolus

A

Thrombosis - Abnormal formation of a clot in an uninjured blood vessel

Embolus - When a thrombus breaks loose and travels

43
Q

RBCs and WBCs. Which have a nucleus?

A

WBCs only

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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