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BIO 2102 > DIGESTIVE* CH 25 > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE* CH 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify and describe the five stages of digestion

A

Ingestion - Intake of food

Digestion - Mechanical and chemical breakdown

Absorption - Uptake of nutrients into cells and blood

Compaction - Absorbing water and building up waste

Defacation - Elimination of feces

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2
Q

Mechanical vs Chemical Breakdown of Food

A

Mechanical - Physical
Chemical - Hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

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3
Q

Identify the 6 structures of the digestive tract

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine

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4
Q

Identify the 5(/6) accessory structures/organs of the digestive tract

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary Gland
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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5
Q

Identify the layers of the digestive tract wall:

A

A - Mucosa
B - Stratified Squamous Epithelium
C - Lamina Propria
D - Muscularis Mucosae
E - Submucosa
F - Muscularis Externa
G - Inner Circular Layer
H - Outer Circular Layer
I - Serosa

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6
Q

What is the enteric plexus? Identify and describe the two networks

A

The nervous network in the digestive tract that regulates motilitiy, secretion, and blood flow

Submucosal Plexus - Controls glandular secretions and movements of the muscularis mucosae
Myenteric Plexus - Controls peristalsis and contractions of muscularis externa

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7
Q

What is the peritoneum? Which portion connects the greater curvature, which to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and most of the organs within it

Greater Omentum
Lesser Omentum

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8
Q

Identify and describe the two reflexes regulate the digestive tract

A

Short Reflexes - Triggers peristalsis as we stretch organs in swallowing, MYENTERIC

Long Reflexes - Parasympathetic stimulation, VAGOVAGAL

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9
Q

What type of tissue lines the mouth

A

(nonkeratinized AND keratinized)
Stratified Squamous Epithelium. provides protection against abrasion

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10
Q

Identify and describe the three primary components of the tooth

A

Dentin - Hard yellow tissue that makes up most of the tooth

Enamel - White, visible part of the tooth

Cement - Covering the root

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11
Q

Identify the follwing:

A

A - Enamel
B - Dentin
C - Cement

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12
Q

Describe Gingivitis. What can it progress to?

A

Gingivitis: Bacterial invasion of the area between the tooth and the gums that causes gum inflammation

Periodontal Disease: Progresses from gingivitisand may begin to affect the bone

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13
Q

What is the first step in mechanical digestion. Why is this important?

A

Mastication (chewing) - Breaks food into smaller pieces and increases the surface area for digestive enzymes

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14
Q

Identify and describe the function of the components of saliva

A

IgA - Antimicrobial antibody found in secretions

Mucus - Lubricates Food

Salivary Amylase - Enzymatic Starch Digestion

Electrolytes - Salty Environment

Lingual Lipase - Enzymatic Fat Digestion

Lysozyme - Enzyme Kills Bacteria

IM SELL

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15
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

A

Sublingual Gland
Submandibular Gland
Parotid Gland

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16
Q

Describe Heartburn and the adjacent structure that plays a role

A

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that allows the movements of the bolus from the esophagus to the stomach

Heartburn is when the stomach acid goes back up into the esophagus

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17
Q

Identify and describe the three phases of swallowing

A

Oral Phase - Voluntary, collects food and forms the bolus

Pharyngeal Phase - Involuntary, Bolus is driven down the pharynx and into the esophagus. Prevents the bolus from reentering the mouth

Esophageal Phase - Involuntary, Peristalsis movement down the esophagus getting the bolus to the stomach

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18
Q

What is the term used to decribe chewed up food theat moves down the esophagus?

A

BOLUS

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19
Q

Does the stomach do mechanical or chemical digestion, or both?

A

Both, rugae moves and breaks down the food inside the stomach

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20
Q

Define Chyme

A

An acidic mixture of semidigested food formed by the stomach and enters the small intestine (at the duodenum)

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21
Q

Identify the tissue type found in the stomach, small intestine and (MOST OF THE) large intestine

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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22
Q

Identify and describe the function of the cells found in the stomach mucosa

A

Parietal Cells - Secrete HCl, Intrinsic Factor, Ghrelin

Enteroendocrine Cells - Secrete hormones that regulate digestion

Chief Cells - Most Numerous, Secrete Gastric Lipase and Pepsinogen

Mucous Cells - Secrete Mucus

People Eat Cow Meat

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23
Q

Identify each of the following as acidic or basic:
- Gastric Juice
- Pancreatic Juice
- Intestinal Juice

A

Gastric Juice - Acidic
Pancreatic Juice - Basic
Intestinal Juice - Slightly Basic

24
Q

What are the functions of HCl in Gastric Juice

A
  • Activate Pepsin + Lingual Lipase
  • Breaks up connective tissue + plant CW
  • Destroys ingested pathogens
  • Converts Fe3+ to Fe2+ to use for hemoglobin synthesis
25
Q

What is the function of Pepsin? What is its inactive form and what stomach cell secretes it?

A

Pepsin digests protein

PEPSINOGEN: Secreted by Chief Cells

26
Q

What is the function of gastric lipase and what stomach cell secretes it?

A

Gastric lipase digests fats
- Secreted by Chief Cells

27
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor and what stomach cell secretes it?

A

Intrinsic factor absorbs vitamin B12 which is necessary to synthesize hemoglobin
- Secreted by Parietal Cells

28
Q

Describe a gastrectomy. Can you survive this?

A

The surgical removal of the stomach. You can survive with the supplementation fo vitamin B12, necessary for hemoglobin synthesis

29
Q

What cells of the stomach control the rhythm of peristaltic contractions

A

Enteric Pacemaker Cells

30
Q

What is the name of the center in the medulla oblongata that controls vomitting

A

Emetic Center

31
Q

Where does most digestion and absorption of food occur in the digestive system?

A

Small intestine (Mainly Jejunum)

32
Q

What is gastritis and what can it lead to?

A

Inflammation of the stomach. Can lead to a peptic ulcer where pepsin and HCl erode the stomach wall

33
Q

Identify and describe the three phases of gastric acitivity. Know the molecules or hormones it works on

A

Cephalic Phase - Sight, smell, taste or thought of food stimulating gastric secretion

Gastric Phase - Ingested food stretches and increases the pH in the stomach, ACh and GASTRIN

Intestinal Phase - Small intestine has a basic pH that responds to the acidic chyme as it enters. This, initially, enhances gastric secretion but is inhibited by the enterogastric reflex and releases SECRETIN and 9CCK

34
Q

What chemicals of the intestinal phase suppress gastric secretion?

A

Secretin and 9CCK

35
Q

What is the liver’s role in digestion? What cells make up the liver?

A

In digestion, the liver functions in the secretion of bile in the DUODENUM.
Hepatocytes

36
Q

Where is bile made and stored, and what is its function in digestion?

A

Bile is made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder and works by digesting fats

37
Q

What is the main pigment in bile, what is converted into?

A

Bilirubin > Urobilinogen
- makes our urine yellow and our feces brown

38
Q

What are Biliary Calculi? What is the term for the presence of these?

A

Gall Stones. Choleolithiasis

39
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? What are the associated structures?

A

Excreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum

40
Q

Identify the enzymes the pancreas provides to the small intestines and what they digest

A

Pancreatic Amylase - Starch
Pancreatic Lipase - Fats
Ribonuclease - RNA
Deoxyribonuclease - DNA

41
Q

What is the role of trypsin? What is its inactive form and what organ releases it?

A

Trypsin - Protein digestion

Trypsinogen released by the pancreas

42
Q

What molecules stimulate the release of pancreatic juice and bile?

A

ACh, CCK, Secretin

43
Q

Identify the three portions of the small intestine in order down the digestive tract and describe their primary functions

A

Duodenum - Receives stomach content, pancreatic juice, and bile. Neutralizes stomach acid and pancreatic enzymes take over digestion

Jejunum - Most digestion and nutrient reabsorption occurs here

Ileum - Contains ileal papilla, lymphoid nodules, and links the small and large intestine at the ileocecal junction

44
Q

What three structures increase the surface area within the small intestine? Which includes capillaries and lacteals? What is the function of lacteals?

A

Circular Folds
Villi - Capillaries and lacteals (absorb lipids)
Microvilli

45
Q

Where are paneth cells found and what do they do?

A

They are found at the base of each crypt and secrete lysozyme and other ezymes to kill bacteria and protect the mucosa

46
Q

What enzymes breaks down starch? Where are they found?

A

Salivary amylase breaks down most of the starch in the mouth but is continues again in the small intestine by pancreatic amylase

47
Q

What enzymes digest proteins? Where are they found? Where are they absent

A

Proteases, peptidases, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase found in the stomach and small intestine
not in saliva

48
Q

What enzymes digest fats? Where are they found and what else happes in the stomach?

A

Lingual Lipase - MOUTH
Pancreatic Lipase - Duodenum
Gastric Lipase - antral pumping in the stomach breaks down clumps of fat

49
Q

What enzymes break down nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonuclease
Ribonuclease
Nucleosidase
Phosphatase

50
Q

What is unique about the digestion of vitamins?

A

They are digested without the need of being broken down, readily absorbed into the body

51
Q

Diarrhea vs Constipation

A

Diarrhea - Food causes irritation and passes too quickly, not allowing enough time for the large intestine to absorb water

Constipation - Fecal movement is too slow and large intestine absorbs too much water

52
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Veins that protrude into the anal canal or outside the anus

53
Q

Internal vs External Anal Aphincters. Intrinsic and Parasympathetic Defacation Reflexes control which sphincter?

A

Internal - Involuntary, smooth muscle
External - Voluntary, skeletal muscle

INTERNAL is controlled by the intrinsic and parasympathetic defacation reflexes

54
Q

What tissue type lines the lower half of the anal canal

A

Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium; resists abrasion with the passage of feces

55
Q

What is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in the US?

A

Colorectal Cancer

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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