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BIO 2102 > URINARY* CH 23 > Flashcards

URINARY* CH 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify 4 (/8) functions of the kidneys

A
  • Filter blood and excrete wastes
  • Regulate blood volume and pressure
  • Regulate electrolytes and pH
  • Clear hormones from the blood
  • Detoxify free radicals
  • Secrete Erythopoietin to synthesize RBCs
  • Secrete Calcium to regulate calcium levels
  • Synthesize glucose from amino acids in starvation
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2
Q

What is BUN? What is the medical term for an elevated BUN and what could it indicate?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood)

  • Azotemia is a high urea nitrogen concentration; our kidney’s function is to lower these levels and these high concentrations indicate renal damage
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3
Q

Define excretion and identify the four systems that carry this out

A

Excretion is the process by which we eliminate wastes outisde of our body

  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Integumentary
  • Digestive
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4
Q

What are the structural and functional units of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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5
Q

List the pathway of fluid through the urinary system

A

Glomerular Capsule
PCT
Nephron Loop
DCT
Collecting Duct
Papillary Duct
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

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6
Q
A

A - Afferent Arteriole
B - Efferent Arteriole
C - Glomerulus
D - Glomerular Capsule
E - PCT
F - Nephron Loop (descending and ascending limbs)
G - DCT
H - Collecting Duct

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7
Q

Juxtamedullary vs Cortical Nephrons
Which is more numerous?
Which one maintains the osmotic gradient?

A

Juxtamedullary - VERY long nephron loops get close into the renal medulla (~15% of nephrons); maintains osmotic gradient

Cortical - Short nepphron loops dip slightly into the renal medulla (~85% of nephrons)

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8
Q

What is the name of the capillary network associated with juxtamedullary nephrons? What is the function?

A

Vasa Recta; this allows us to have more concentrated urine because we reabsorb some of the water from the nephron loop though this capillary network. This leave our urine more concentrated because it has less water but is letting out lots of waste

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9
Q

Is the pressure in the glomerulus high or low? Why?

A

HIGH;
This allows waste products to leave down their concentration/pressure gradient into the glomerular space

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10
Q

Identify and describe the stages of urine development

A

Glomerular Filtration - The high pressure in the glomerulus allows waste products to leave and create a plasmalike filtrate of the blood

Tubular Reabsorption - Removes useful solute from the filtrate and returns them into the blood

Tubular Secretion - Removes harmful or waste solute from the blood and takes them into the nephron

Water Conservation - Removes excess water from urine to return to the blood (works to ensure that we are keeping enough water in our body)

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11
Q

Is glomerular filtration active or passive? What is this pressure called?

A

Passive; hydrostatic pressure forces fluids through the filtration membrane

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12
Q

What type of tissue lines the capillaries of the glomerulus? What is the function or purpose of this specific tissue?

A

Fenestrated Endothelium is highly permeable but products have to be small enough to pass through the little spaces

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13
Q

What type of molecules can freely pass through the filtration membrane in glomerular filtration?
Identify four examples

A

Any molecule smaller than 3nm;
ex: water, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose, vitamins

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14
Q

Proteinuria and Hematuria; why does this happen and why is it dangerous?

A

Proteinuria - Albumin in urine
Hematuria - Blood in urine
This is caused by damage to the filtration membrane (which in a healthy person albumin and RBCs are normally too large to pass through the membrane) (this is dangerous because we lost important substances from our blood )

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15
Q

Define and describe Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

A

We have an outward filtration pressure in the glomerulus that causes waste products to exit into the glomerular space (BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE). However, as we pump these out we build a concentration that wants to go in and follow its concentration/pressure gradient (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN CAPSULAR SPACE and COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE).

The combination of these forces is described as the Net Filtration Pressure. It has a slight outward pressure that is monitored and kept to make sure thing get pushed out but not so much that they want to enter back in

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16
Q

Define Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR); What factors is this directly proportional to?

A

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined

  • NFP: The slight outward pressure that draws solutes out of the glomerulous and into the glomerular space
  • Surface area available for filtration
  • Filtration membrane permeability
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17
Q

What are the mechanisms of high and low GFR (how does it occur) and how does the body respond to these levels?

A

High GFR: Fluid flows through renal tubes too rapidly for reabsorption and causes us to lose more electrolytes and can lead to dehydration

Low GFR: Wastes are reabsorbed and can lead to azotemia (high levels of urea nitrogen)

Our bodies can respond to these levels by regulating glomerular blood pressure (through three different levels described in another flashcard)

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18
Q

How does GFR affect blood pressure?

A

High GFR leads to increased urine output which lowers blood pressure

Low GFR leads to urine retention whihc increases blood pressure

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19
Q

We can adjust GFR through chnaging the glomerular blood pressure which is affected by which three mechanisms (DO NOT DESCRIBE THEM)

A

Sympathetic Control
Hormonal Control
Renal Autoregulation

SHR (Sure)

20
Q

Describe renal autoregulation and identify the two mechansims that allow this

A

The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external control
- Myogenic Mechanism
- Tubuloglomerular Feedback

21
Q

Briefly describe the Myogenic Mechanism and describe the role of the afferent arteriole in this renal autoregulation

A

Regulating blood flow based on the stretching and contraction of smooth muscle

When arteriole blood pressure increases the afferent arteriole is stretched. The muscle recognizes this response and reacts by consticting and regulating blood flow to the glomerulus

When arteriole blood pressure falls the afferent arteriole relaxes. The muscle recognizes this response and reacts by dilating and regulating blood flow to the glomerulus

22
Q

What cells are involved in the juxtaglomerular apparatus? What do they do and how do they respond to chnaging GFR?

A

Macula Densa - When we have high GFR, we have more NaCl. They absorb excess NaCl and secrete ATP to stimulate nearby granular cells

Granular Cells - When triggered by the ATP, they constrict afferent arterioles, lower blood flow, and thus lowering and correcting GFR

23
Q

What molecule is found in the granules and granular cells?

A

Renin

24
Q

How does the sympathetic system impact GFR?

A

The sympathetic nervous system works through epinephrine to constrict afferent arterioles. This allows our body to redirect blood from the kidneys to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle

(fight or flight)

25
Q

List the pathway of creating angiotensin II; what is its main function?

A
  • Granular cells secrete renin
  • Renin takes angeotensinogen and converts it into angiotensin I
  • Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) takes angiotensin I and converts in into angiotensin II

Works to INCREASE Blood Pressure

26
Q

Describe the three actions by angiotensin II that work to increase blood pressure

A
  • Triggers hypothalamus telling us that we are thirsty and triggering us to drink water to raise BP
  • Triggers vasoconstriction which raises BP
  • Triggers the secretion of aldosterone which tells our kidneys to retain water and minerals to raise BP
27
Q

Tubular reabsorption vs secretion

A

Reabsorption: The process by which we remove useful solute from the filtrate and return them to the blood

Secretion: The process by which we remove harmful or waste solutes from the blood and take them into the nephron

These both relate to the blood:
in reabsorption we are reabsorbing into the blood and in secretion we are secreting from the blood

28
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur in the nephron? Compare the two routes of reabsorption

A
  • PCT
    Trancellular Route: substances travel THROUGH cells
    Paracellular Route: substances travel AROUND cells
29
Q

Transport Maximum

A

The maximum rate of reabsorption (the max amount of fluid we can reabsorb into the blood); this occurs when all transport proteins are saturated

30
Q

What is glycosuria? What might cause it and what disorder is this a sign of?

A

High amounts of glucose in urine
When we reach transport maximum we cannot take in anymore glucose for the body. This is a sign of diabetes mellitus because we were not able to reabsorb the HIGH amounts of glucose present in the urine

31
Q

Identify and describe the types of cells found in the DCT and Collecting Duct

A

Principal Cells - Most abundant, responds to hormones, and works to balance salt and water

Intercalated Cells - Works to balance pH

32
Q

Describe how aldosterone, ANP, ADH, and PTH impact the DCT and Collecting Duct

A

Aldosterone: Increases Na+ reabsorption and increases BP

ANP: Inhibits NaCl reabsorption and lowers BP

ADH: Increases water reabsorption and increases BP

PTH: Increases Ca reabsorption and increases blood calcium

33
Q

Collecting Duct activity when body is dehydrated vs hydrated

A

Dehydrated: ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct and making our urine more yellow and concentrated

Hydrated: ADH function decreases and we decrease water reabsorption in the collecting duct making our urine more clear and less concentrated

34
Q

What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplier?

A

The nephron loop recaptures salt and returns it to the medulla

35
Q

Which part of the nephron loop is permeable to water and which is permeable to salt?

A
  • Descending limb is permeable to water (water moves out)
  • Ascending limb is permeable to salt (salt moves out)

DeW
AsS

36
Q

Besides salt, what other moleculre helps maintain high osmolarity of the medulla?

A

Urea

37
Q

What is the purpose of the countercurrent exchange system? What structures are involved?

A

Prevents dilution of the medulla osmolarity gradient
Involves the vasa recta and the nephron loop

(water goes into the body and keeping salt in the medulla)

38
Q

Polyuria vs Anuria

A

Polyuria - Output grater than 2L a day
Anuria - Output less than 100mL a day

39
Q

All types of diabetes experience what homeostatic imbalance?

A

POLYURIA

40
Q

What is a diuretic and why are they used to treat hypertension?

A

A chemical that increases urine volume;
This works for reducing the body’s fluid volume and thus blood pressure

41
Q

Identify the three layers of the ureters from most to least superficial (from outside to in)

A

Adventitia - Connects ureter to surrounding structure
Muscularis - Smooth Muscle
Mucosa - Transitional epithelium (good at stretching)

42
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the bladder? What type of tissue lines the bladder?

A
  • Detrusor Muscle (three layers of smooth muscle)
  • Transitional Epithelium
43
Q

Male vs Female Urethra; Why is this difference clinically significant?

A

Male urethra is much loger than that of females and is the reason why females are more susceptible to UTIs because bacteria doesnt have to travel as far

44
Q

Internal vs External Urethral Sphincter

A

Internal - Involuntary control
External - Voluntary control

45
Q

Micturition

A

The act of urinating

46
Q

T/F: Tubuloglomerular feedback involves monitorng the amount of NaCl in the filtrate and adjusting GFR accordingly

A

True

47
Q
A

BIO 2102 (13 decks)

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